38 SEPTEMBER 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG shrimp farming. The high vulnerability to potential impacts may change the cultivation systems used in the future. Floods, sea level rise and storms are major factors that affect aquaculture systems in Nghe An province. The use of a hydraulic model allows the mapping of the flood area from surface water flows from the river system. This parameter plays an important role in the exposure (impact) group. On the other hand, low education, poor social services and weak financial capability are socioeconomic factors that can be improved to cope with impacts from biophysical factors (Table 5). This vulnerability assessment model allows quantification of all input parameters in a spatially explicit way. More parameters can be applied to the model to simulate the complexity and reality of factor interactions. Notes Nguyen Huu Nghia, Center for Environment and Disease Monitoring in Aquaculture. Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1. Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam. Email: nghia@ ria1.org. Do Min Phuong, Remote Sensing and GIS Center. National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection. 61 Hang Chuoi, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: dphuong@gmail.com. References ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2009. The Economics of Climate Change in Southeast Asia: A regional review. Brooks, N. 2003.Vulnerability, Risk and Adaptation: A conceptual framework. Working paper 38, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich. Climate Vulnerability Monitor, 2nd Edition. daraint.org/climate-vulnerability-monitor/climate-vulnerabilitymonitor-2012/country-profile/?country=Vietnam DoF (Directorate of Fisheries), 2007. Impacts of climate change to fisheries and aquaculture. Dwarakish, G.S., S.A. Vinay, U. Natesan, T. Asano, T. Kakinuma, K. Venkataramana, B. Jagadeesha Pai and M.K. Babita. 2009. Coastal vulnerability assessment of the future sea level rise in Udupi coastal zone of Karnataka state, west coast of India. Ocean & Coastal Management 52(9):467–478. Gasper, D. 2010. The idea of human security. In: Climate change, ethic and human security [O’Brien, K.A.L. St. Clair, and B. Kristoffersen (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 23-46. Glossary of Environment Statistics, studies in methods. 2001. Series F, No. 67, United Nations, 1997-OECD 2001. Handisyde, N.T., L.G. Ross, M.-C. Badjeck and E.H. Allison. 2006. The effects of climate change on world aquaculture: a global perspective [online]. Department for International Development (DFID), UK. www.ecasa.org.uk/Documents/ Handisydeetal_000.pdf The Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN) 2010. Biến đổi khí hậu và tác động ở Việt Nam. Nhà Xuất bản Khoa học và Kỹ thuật. Nguyen, Huu Nghia and Minh Phuong Do. 2014. Application of remote sensing technique to aquaculture area mapping in northern Vietnam. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. 24(2014):116-122. Pickering, T.D., B. Ponia, C.A. Hair, P.C. Southgate, E.S. Poloczanska, L.D. Patrona, A., A. Teitelbaum, C.V. Mohan, M.J. Phillips, J.D. Bell and Silva. 2011. Vulnerability of aquaculture in the tropical Pacific to climate change. Pages 647–731 In: J.D. Bell, J.E. Johnson and A.J. Hobday, editors. Vulnerability of tropical pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change,. Noumea, New Caledonia, Secretariat of the Pacific Community. cdn.spc.int/climate-change/fisheries/assessment/chapters/11Chapter11.pdf Ramieri, E., A.Hartley, A. Barbanti, F. Duarte Santos, P. Laihonen, N. Marinova and M. Santinin. 2011. Methods for assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change. Background Paper. European Topic Center on Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation. European Environment Agency. Smit, B., I. Burton, R. Klein and J. Wandel. 2000. An anatomy of adaptation to climate change and variability. Climatic Change 45:223-251. SRV (Socialist Republic of Vietnam). 2004. National Report on Disaster Risk Reduction in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam. SRV - MONRE (Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment). 2003. Vietnam Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Hanoi, Vietnam. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). 2007. Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries. Among Vietnam’s northern coastal provinces, Nghe An is likely to be strongly impacted by climate change. With more than 15,000 ha of aquaculture farms, the province needs sustainable development strategies to efficiently maintain its production systems. With a long coastline, direct impacts from natural disasters such as salinity intrusion, storms and typhoons, sea level rise, floods and heavy rains represent challenges to the aquaculture and fisheries sector. A vulnerability zoning map has identified the most vulnerable areas of aquaculture systems in the study area. Aquaculture in the area along the coastline has the greatest potential to be affected by the impacts of climate change, while the western mountains are only slightly influenced. The vulnerability assessment model allows quantification of all input parameters in a spatially explicit way.
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