WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2017 39 simultaneous focus on methodologies that improve biosecurity and economic efficiency, thereby offering hatchery operators a way to mass produce fingerlings of grouper and other marine fish species that are not amenable to conventional rotifer/Artemia-based feeding regimes. Notes Omer M. Yousif, Aquaculture and Marine Studies Center, Abu Al Abyad Island, The Private Department of the President, P.O. Box 372, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, omeryousif@gmail.com References Doi, M., J.D. Toledo J.D., S.N. Golez, M. Santos and A. Ohno. 1996. Feeding performance of early red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, larvae reared with mixed zooplankton. The International Symposium on Live Food Organisms and Environmental Control for Larviculture of Marine Animals, 1-4 September 1996, Nagasaki, Japan. Kohno, H., R.S. Ordonio-Anuilar, A. Ohno and Y. Taki. 1997. Why is grouper rearing difficult?: An approach from the development of the feeding apparatus in early stage larvae of the grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Ichthyological Research 44:267-274. Ma, Z., H. Guo, N. Zhang and Z. Bai. 2013. State of art for larval rearing of grouper. International Journal of Aquaculture 3(13):63-72. McKinnon, A.D., S. Duggan, P.D. Nicholas, M.A. Rimmer, G. Semmens,and B. Robino. 2003. The potential of tropical paracalanid copepods as live feeds in aquaculture. Aquaculture 223:89-106. Sergent, J., L.A. McEvoy, G. Estevez, M. Bell, G. Bell, J. Henderson and D. Tocher. 1999. Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development: current status and future directions. Aquaculture 179:217-229. Stoettrup, J.G. 2000. The elusive copepods: their production and suitability in marine aquaculture. Aquaculture Research 31: 703-711. Toledo, J.D. 2005. Studies on the use of copepods in the semiintensive seed production of grouper Epinnephelus coioides. Pages 169-182 In: Copepods in Aquaculture, Blackwell Publishing, New York, NY USA Toledo, J.D., S.N. Golez, M. Doi and A. Ohno. 1997. Food selection of early grouper, Epinnephelus coioides, larvae reared by semi-intensive method. Suisanzoshoku 45:327-337 Toledo, J.D., S.N. Golez, M. Doi and A. Ohno. 1999. Use of copepod naulii during the early feeding stage of grouper Epinnephelus coioides. Fisheries Science 65:390-397 Yousif, M. Omer, M. Krishnakumar, V. Balamurgan and A. Hozifa. 2016. Fingerling production of orange-spotted grouper on Abu Al Abyad Island, United Arab Emirates. World Aquaculture 47(3):39-41. TABLE 1. Progression of metamorphosis in the orange spotted grouper larvae under the two feeding regimes. DPH Larval Stage Morphological Characters Remarks: R-regime Remarks: RC-regime 0 yolk sac (Fig. 3a) large yolk sac with a single - - oil globule (0 dph) 3-10 pre-flexion (Fig. 3b,c,d) Larvae with elongated dorsal similar in both similar in both and pelvic spine, haemoglobin groups groups in the heart (10 dph) 11-20 flexion/post flexion visible first dorsal spine and most of the larvae in most of the larvae (Fig. 3e,f) emergence of the 3rd dorsal flexion stage, few are reached post spine. Chromatophores in post flexion stage flexion stage and apprised on the midbrain transforming region, posterior part of caudal initiated fin truncated. Emergence of 1st and 2nd anal fins (20 dph) 25-30 transforming/pelagic completed fin structure with most of the larvae in most of the larvae juveniles (Fig. 3g) spine and rays, dorsal and pelvic transforming stage, reached pelagic spines reduced in size. Fully few in pelagic juvenile stage developed caudal fin (30 dph) juvenile stage 35-40 settling and demersal overall melanistic external started settling but all larvae reached Juveniles (Fig. 3i,j) pigmentation, squamation most still in pelagic the demersal Forming (40 dph) stage juvenile stage with fully developed scales
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