WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2017 45 pathogen free (SPF) seeds, including broodstock selection, live food production, and facilities that guarantee disease prevention like VNN and Iridovirus infection is needed for more successful production. Presently there are 22 hatcheries (7 public and 15 private) actively producing grouper seed. The total production of seeds (total length of 8-10 cm) in 2015 was 60.2 million. Most seed are exported to neighboring countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan and China. Notes Ketut Sugama and Isti Koesharyani Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development Center for Fisheries Research and Development, Jalan Ragunan No.20. Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12540. Indonesia ketut_sugama@yahoo.com References Giri, N.A., K. Suwirya and M. Marzuki. 1999. Protein, lipid and vitamin C requirements of juvenile humpback grouper, Cromileptes alltivelis. Journal of Indonesian Fisheries Research 5:38-46. Giri, N.A., J. Fritz, K. Suwirya and M. Marzuki. 2006. Dietary vitamin C for growth and improving health condition of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) juvenile. Journal of Aquaculture Research 1(1):21 (in Bahasa). Hick, P., G. Schipp, J. Bosmans, J. Humphrey and R. Wittington. 2011. Outbreak of viral nervous necroses in intensively cultured barramundi (Lates calcarifer) due to horizontal transmission of betanodavirus and recommendation for diseases control. Aquaculture 319:41-52 Ismi, S., Y.N. Asih and D. Kusumawati. 2013. Improvement of production and seed quality of grouper through hybridizaion (Peningkatan produksi dan kualitas benih ikan kerapu melalui hibridisasi. Journal Ilmu dan Teknology Kelautan Tropis 5(2):333341. (in Bahasa) James, C.M., S.A. Al-Thobalti, B.M. Rasem and M.H. Carlos. 1999. Potential of grouper hybrids (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. polyphekadion) for aquaculture. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 22(1):19-23. Koesharyani, I and H. Novita. 2006. Nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Nested PCR) of VNN in humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis. Journal of Aquaculture Research 1(3):381-386. (in Bahasa) Koesharyani, I., Zafran, K. Yuasa and K. Hatai. 1999. Two species of capsalid monogeneans infecting cultured humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis in Indonesia. Fish Pathology 34(3):165-166. Koesharyani, I., D. Rosa, K. Mahardika, F. Johni, Zafran, and K. Yuasa. 2001. Manual for Fish Diseases Diagnosis II: Marine Fish and Crustacean Diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture, Central Research Institute for Aquaculture and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Koesharyani, I., K. Mahardika, K. Sugama and K. Yuasa. 2011. Iridovirus in grouper reared in pen-cages: Detection by PCR. Japan International Cooperation Agency. ATA 379 Report. Liao, I.C., H.M. Su and E.Y. Chang. 2001. Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200:1-31. Mahardika, K., I. Koesharyani. K. Sugama, A. Priyono and K. Yuasa. 2011. Histopathology Study of Irridovirus infection in Epinephelus coioides and E. blekekeri. Japan International Cooperation Agency. ATA 379 Report. Nakai, T. 2007. Review on the viral nervous necroses from marine fish. Yoshoku 6:21-24 Rimmer, M.A, S. McBride and K.C. Williams, editors. 2004. Advances in Grouper Aquaculture. ACIAR Monograph. No 110. Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research, Canberra, Australia. Sim, S Y., M.A. Rimmer, J.D. Toledo, K. Sugama, I. Rumengan, K. Williams and M.J. Phillips. 2005. A Guide to Small-scale Marine Finfish Hatchery Technology. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia Pacific: Bangkok Thailand. Sugama, K. Trijoko, T. Wardoyo, J. Hutapea and S. Kumagai. 1999. Natural spawning and larval rearing of barramundi cod, Cromileptes altivelis in tanks. APEC/NACA. Collaborative APEC Grouper Research and Development Network FWG.01/99. NACA, Bangkok, Thailand. Sugama, K, Trijoko, B. Slamet, S. Ismi, E, Setiadi and S. Kawahara. 2001. Manual for the seed production of humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Sugama, K., I. Insan, and I Koesharyani. 2008. Hatchery and growout technology for groupers in Indonesia. In: The Aquaculture of Grouper. I.C Liao and E.M. Lleano, editors. Asian Fisheries Society World Aquaculture Society. The Fish. Taiwan and National Oceanic University 61-78.8186-80-X. Sugama, K., I. Koesharyani, N.A. Giri and K. Suwirya. 2009. Indonesian methods achieved mass production of grouper seedstock. Global Aquaculture Advocate Jan-Feb.75-76. Sugama, K., M.A. Rimmer, S. Ismi, I. Koesharyani, K. Suwirya, N.A. Giri and V.R. Alava. 2012. Hatchery Movement of Groupers. Australian Center for International Agriculture Research (ACIAR), Monograph Series No.149. Sugama, K, A. Muzaki, I.G.N Permana and Haryanti. 2014. Fluctuating asymmetry reflect the growth of hybrid grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and Epinephelus polyphekadion. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 9(2):97-102. Su, H.M., M.A. Rimmer and I.C, Liao. 2008. Effect of ozone treatment on eggs and larval of grouper Epinephelus coioides. Page 232 In: Book of Abstracts 6th Asian Fisheries Fourm Kaoshiung Taiwan, 25-30 November 2001. Suwirya, K., A. Priyono, A. Hanafi. R. Andamari. R. Melianawati. M. Marzuki, N.A. Giri and K. Sugama, 2006. Seed production of leopard coral trout grouper, Plectrophomus leopardus. Research Center for Aquaculture, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research. (in Bahasa). Yamaoka, K., T. Nambu, M. Nayagawa, T. Isshiki and A. Kusaka. 2000. Water surface tension-related deaths in prelarval red spotted grouper. Aquaculture 189:185-176 Yoseda, K, K. Teruya and S. Sekiya. 2006. Effect of delayed initial feeding on larval feeding, early survival, and growth of red spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara larvae. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 72:702-709. Zafran, I. Koesharyani, F. Johni, K. Yuasa, T. Harada and K. Hatai. 1999. Viral Nervous Necroses in humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis larvae and juveniles in Indonesia. Fish Pathology 35(2):95-96.
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