WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2017 63 from the freshly produced BFm, demonstrating the ingredient’s stability, maintaining optimal nutritional characteristics, quality and safety to be fed to animals for a long period of time. With regard to fatty acid composition, BFm lacks omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) that are found in most marine algae and fish. Nearly 70 percent of total fatty acids are saturated fatty acids and 25 percent are monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. An ingredient with 36 percent crude fat that lacks omega-3 HUFAs is not ideal for aquafeeds. In an effort to reduce fat, both commercial oil press and hexane extraction processing was evaluated with mixed results. The oil press was only capable of reducing fat content by 10 percent, which left about 20 percent fat in the BFm. However, hexane extraction reduced the fat content to 5-8 percent, resulting in a lowfat BFm that is better for aquafeeds. Reduction of the fat content of BFm had an additional positive outcome in that the crude protein content increased to about 53 percent. Tilapia and Shrimp Trials A preliminary evaluation on the palatability and digestibility of BFm was conducted with tilapia using 30 percent inclusion of BFm in the feed. The BFm diet was compared with a control diet and a commercial tilapia feed and results indicated that the diet was palatable for tilapia. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy in the BFm diet was not statistically different from the control and commercial diets. In white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, a preliminary trial was conducted with a control diet and 15 or 30 percent BFm inclusion and no negative impacts on palatability, feed intake, growth, or survival were detected. A complete feed trial with shrimp will be conducted during 2017. Black soldier fly larvae meal appears to be a palatable source of good protein, fat, anti-oxidants, vitamins, and minerals for fish and shrimp. If low-fat BFm is required to formulate diets, hexane extraction of excessive fats appears to be an efficient method for extraction. In addition, BFm, when properly stored, has a shelf life of at least six months with no significant nutrient losses. Results from these preliminary trials indicate that BFm has the potential to serve as an aquafeed ingredient, with indications of being a promising ingredient in other livestock feed as well, warranting further research. Notes Spencer Davis, Kathleen Ramm, Zhi Yong Ju, Fabio Soller*, Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department, Oceanic Institute of Hawaii Pacific University, www.oceanicinstitute.org * Corresponding author fsoller@hpu.edu References Ademolu, K.O., A.B. Idowu and G.O. Olatunde. 2010. Nutritional value assessment of variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Acridoidea: Pygomorphidae) during postembryonic development. African Entomology 18(2):1-5. Bullock, N., E. Chapin, A. Evans, B. Elder, M. Givens, N. Jeffay, B. Pierce and W. Robinson. 2013. The Black Soldier Fly How-toGuide. UNC-Chapel Hill. ENST 698-Environmental Capstone. Diclaro II, J.W. and P.E. Kaufman. 2015. Black soldier fly Hermetia illucens Linnaeus (Insecta: Diptera: Stratiomyidae). IFAS Extension, University of Florida. EENY 461. Elemo, B.O., G.N. Elemo, M.A. Makinde and O.L. Erukainure. 2011. Chemical evaluation of African palm weevil, Rhychophorus phoenicis, larvae as a food source. Journal of Insect Science 11:146. Kinyuru, J.N., G.M. Kenji, S.N. Muhoho and M. Ayieko. 2011. Nutritional potential of longhorn grasshopper (Ruspolia differens) consumed in Siaya District, Kenya. Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 12(1):32-46 Sealey, W.M., T.G. Gaylord, F.T. Barrows, J.K. Tomberlin, M.A. McGuire, C. Ross and S. St-Hilaire. 2011. Sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae, Hermetia illucens. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 42:34-45. St.-Hilaire, S., K. Cranfill, M.A. Mcguire, E.E. Mosley, J.K. Tomberlin, L. Newton, W. Sealey, C. Sheppard and S. Irving. 2007. Fish offal recycling by the black soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in omega-3 fatty acids. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 38:309-313. van Huis, A., J. Van Itterbeeck, H. Klunder, E. Mertens, A. Halloran, G. Muir and P. Vantomme. 2013. Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Forestry Paper 171. Trust us to share your unique products across the globe! Gainesville, FL USA • 352-377-0133 • www.qcsinfo.org for the global organic and ethical marketplace We o er third-party certi ications or: • Organic European Union & Canada • QCS Organic Private Standard • GLOBALG.A.P. 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