VOLUME 48, NUMBER 3 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY SEPTEMBER 2017 CHALLENGES FOR MEXICAN AQUACULTURE W RLD AQUACULTURE
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2017 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. P: +1-225-578-3137; F: +1-225-578-3493; Email: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2016-2017 William Daniels, President Juan Pablo Lazo, Immediate Past President Maria Celia Portella, President-Elect Wendy Sealey, Treasurer Jennifer Cobcroft, Secretary DIRECTORS Kathleen Hartman Patricia Moraes-Valenti Darryl E. Jory Antonio Garza de Yta Humberto Villarreal Colmenares Michael Denson CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Guillaume Drillet, Asian Pacific David Cline, USAS Lorenzo Juarez, Latin America and Caribbean Ik Kyo Chung, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Executive Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 P: +1-760-751-5005; F: +1-760-751-5003 Email: worldaqua@was.org MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPODENCE Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. Email: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2014, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 48 NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 2017 Cover: Mussel culture in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. See story on page 18. Photo: CONAPESCA 8 Book Review: Aquaculture Technology: Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture by Richard W. Soderberg, CRC Press, 2017 9 Recent Research Highlight from the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 9 Announcing the 2016 Outstanding Reviewers for the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 10 A Conversation with Claude E. Boyd Rodrigue Yossa 13 WAS Names New Honorary Life Members and Fellows in Cape Town 14 Student Activities at World Aquaculture 2017 15 Student Award Winners at Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2017 16 Planning Developments for Upcoming WAS Conferences 18 Once Upon a Time in Mexico… Challenges for Mexican Aquaculture Antonio Garza de Yta 25 Hatchery Production of Pacific White Snook at CIAD-Unity Mazatlan, Mexico Leonardo Ibarra-Castro, Jaime Navarro-Flores, Juan L. Sánchez-Téllez, Juan M. Martínez-Brown, Luis A. Ochoa-Bojórquez and Ángel H. Rojo-Cebreros 31 World Food Giant – Brazil Aiming to be One of the Top Five Aquaculture Producers in 2020 Pål Myhre, Alberto J.P. Nunes, Felipe M. Suplicy, Erica A.G. Vidal, Artur N. Rombenso, Leila Hayashi, Fernando T. Kanemoto and João F. N. Matias 39 Shrimp Farming and the Environment in Ecuador: Past and Present Fabrizio Marcillo 44 Preliminary Assessment of Growth of Flatfish Paralichthys adspersus Juveniles in Different Culture Systems Lili Carrera, Noemí Cota, Angélica Castro, Melissa Montes and Jorge Tam 49 Growth of the Tilapia Industry in India M. Menaga and K. Fitzsimmons 54 Adapting Biofloc Technology for Use in Small-scale Ponds with Vertical Substrate Boriah Suryakumar and Yoram Avnimelech 61 Insects as a Feed Ingredient in Aquafeeds Spencer Davis, Kathleen Ramm, Zhi Yong Ju and Fabio Soller 65 Split Pond Technology Makes its Debut on an Alabama Inland Shrimp Farm Gregory N. Whitis and David Teichert-Coddington (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)
2 SEPTEMBER 2017 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG President’s Column Over the years, the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) has expanded efforts to reach its mandate to be a truly global professional society and exchange knowledge with the global aquaculture community. Very good efforts have been made in Asia and Latin America through our Asia Pacific (APC), Korea, and Latin America and Caribbean (LACC) chapters and we are seeing the benefits through our annual meetings. At the July APA conference held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2834 participants represented 46 countries giving 325 oral and 119 poster presentations. I look forward to seeing how many countries are represented in the LACQUA 17 conference to be held in beautiful Mazatlán, Mexico, November 8-10, 2017, and I encourage all our members and supporters to attend. This year, WAS held its first conference on the African continent in Cape Town, South Africa, from 26-30 June, to demonstrate its support of African aquaculture and to highlight its potential to contribute to food security and the commercial sector. These efforts began several years ago but officially with the first steering committee meeting held in Cape Town in October 2014. I was honored to be on that steering committee and to see one of my personal dreams come true. The conference was coorganized by WAS with the Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa (AASA) and the South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). The conference theme, Sustainable Aquaculture – New Frontiers for Economic Growth – Spotlight on Africa, highlighted the potential of aquaculture production to support economic development and investment opportunities in Africa - the world’s second fastest growing regional economy. Although not the biggest WAS conference, 87 countries were represented by 1981 participants, of which 1297 were Africans. The success of the conference would not have been possible without the financial support of many sponsors and the support from African governments, development institutions and the commercial sector. These included the South African DAFF, the African Union’s Inter-African Union for Animal Resources and NEPAD, and the WorldFish Centre. The industry Gold Sponsor was the Aller-Aqua group from Denmark, which has been making investments in feed manufacturing and distribution in Egypt, Nigeria and Zambia. WA17 had even had the honor of having AU Chairman H.E. Mr. Alpha Condé - President of the Republic of Guinea, who is the African fisheries/ aquaculture champion, agree to speak at the opening ceremony. Unfortunately, he had to cancel at the last minute but sent the Guinea Ambassador to South Africa to speak on his behalf. Clearly the message was received that Africa is important to WAS and WAS is committed to seeing the development of an African chapter in the very near future. This was emphasized during a private meeting with Dr. Ibrahim Assane Mayaki, Chief Executive of NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development), where we discussed the formation of an African chapter and how WAS could work with NEPAD to address aquaculture development and information sharing. NEPAD and DAFF have both committed to the development of the African chapter. During WA17, a special ‘launch of the formation of an African Chapter’ event was held with over 300 participants all in agreement that a WAS African Chapter was needed and the time was now. Two additional hearing sessions were held during the conference and were well attended. A clear desire to move the chapter formation forward was stated. To facilitate the development of an African chapter, I have formed an WAS adhoc committee led by Dr. Kevan Main, WAS Past-President, to work with the African Chapter formation committee, which has continental representation, to lay out the goals and objectives of an African chapter as well as its structure, representation and bylaws. These will be then be presented to the WAS Board for review and consideration to join the WAS family as an African Chapter. It is time to build on the momentum gained at WA17 and move forward with the formation of an African Chapter of WAS. While formation of an African chapter is one of my goals for this year of my presidency, the overarching goals of the current and past boards are to improve services to its members and to expand members around the globe. I want to see greater engagement by members through service on committee, involvement in conference organization and development of sessions, and VOTING. Every member of WAS has the right to vote. That includes students! Students just get a discounted membership price but the same rights and privileges. Contents (continued) 2 President’s Column 4 Editor’s Note 5 Korean Chapter Report 6 USAS Chapter Report 6 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Report 7 Asian Pacific Chapter Report 70 Conference Calendar 71 Future Conferences and Expositions 72 Advertiser’s Index 72 Membership Application (CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE)
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2017 3 Soon, you will receive a call for nominations for WAS officers and the director positions. Please contribute to WAS with your nominations and then with your votes. I also encourage you to get involved at the chapter level and to consider running for office or volunteering to help with conferences. Together, we can grow WAS and enhance its services! I also encourage you to recruit two new members to WAS. If you have any ideas or comments on how to make WAS better, please send them directly to me at daniewh@ auburn.edu or share with another WAS or Chapter Board member. I hope to meet you at an upcoming WAS conference soon, if not in Mexico, then in Las Vegas at the Aquaculture America conference, February 19-22, 2018. And don’t forget to plan ahead to attend our joint WAS-EAS conference to be held in Montpellier, France, August 25-29, 2018. In New Orleans during Aquaculture 2019, WAS will begin its 50th Anniversary – so young but still growing! — Bill Daniels, President There were always conversations happening at the entrance to the trade show. Views of iconic Table Mountain were outstanding every day. The shops, restaurants and bars of the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront were popular among conference attendees in Cape Town. Interest was strong and the excitement was palpable prior to the start of the meeting to launch the process that will lead to establishment of an African chapter of WAS.
4 SEPTEMBER 2017 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Editor’s Note A recent journal article in Nature Ecology & Evolution about marine aquaculture hotpots has been generating some buzz in the aquaculture and science press. A research project to identify suitable areas for marine aquaculture was conducted by representatives of a partnership among The Nature Conservancy, the Wildlife Conservation Society and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at UC Santa Barbara, with new Ph.D. Rebecca Gentry as lead author. The research team conducted a spatial analysis of the ocean surface to evaluate the potential for two kinds of aquaculture – finfish culture in cages and bivalve farming. They selected 120 fish species and 60 bivalve species and defined suitable habitat on the basis of average water temperature. Water depths greater than 200 m were considered unsuitable because they would be too deep to anchor gear. Areas dedicated to marine reserves, shipping lanes and areas with low dissolved oxygen concentration were also eliminated from consideration. The potential suitable production area was 11.4 million km2 for marine finfish cage culture and 1.5 million km2 for bivalve culture. In this area, about 15 billion t could be produced annually, representing more than 100 times the current level of global seafood consumption. Said another way, the current level of seafood consumption of around 110 million t could be met by using a marine area about the size of Lake Michigan in the US. Every country with a coastline could meet its own seafood requirement with a small proportion (often <2 percent) of coastal water area dedicated to aquaculture. The coastal areas with the greatest production potential were located in warm, tropical regions where temperatures are favorable for rapid growth of cultured organisms. Indonesia was singled out for having high production potential for marine finfish aquaculture. Other countries with high potential include Australia, India, Argentina, and Mexico. The finding that space does not limit the potential for marine aquaculture is not surprising or new, but the Gentry paper provides solid evidence to support that claim. The authors rightly qualify their findings by saying that factors other than space will limit marine aquaculture development. The authors of the hotspot paper write “other factors, such as social, economic, political and/or regulatory constraints are limiting aquaculture development far more than biological constraints or conflicting uses.” Most of the high-potential areas identified are located in lesser developed countries with a low level of economic and infrastructure development, high rates of poverty and poor security and governance of marine resources – all important factors that limit the realization of production potential. In an essay published in the same journal issue as the Gentry paper, Max Troell, of the Stockholm Resilience Centre, argues that the availability of aquafeeds, technology and favorable production economics are more limiting than space for the expansion of marine aquaculture. Aquaculture will need significant natural capital and ecosystem services from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and these are not uniformly distributed near areas with the greatest production potential. The findings of the hotspot paper will be useful to guide and plan marine aquaculture development. The paper represents a firstcut, base-layer approach to defining suitable sites. The effect of temperature on the growth potential of suitable species is fundamental in aquaculture. Additional spatially explicit layers, each of which defines other important site selection criteria, can be added to the base layer defined by the Gentry article. In conjunction with consideration of the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture advocated by the FAO, the identification of marine aquaculture hotspots can be refined to designate the best production zones. The idea of an ecological or biodiversity hotspot was first defined in the late 1980s as an area of species richness that is threatened with loss. Identification of biodiversity hotspots has served to focus conservation efforts. Similarly, the identification of marine aquaculture hotspots can focus development efforts by prioritizing specific areas for development. At World Aquaculture 2017 in Cape Town, one of the better presentations of the conference was provided by Tom Hecht, emeritus professor from Rhodes University and former WAS Board member, who spoke about “Establishing aquaculture value chains.” He outlined the key factors that result in success in commercial aquaculture. At the top of the list was an attribute Tom called “natural strategic advantage,” which he defined as “matching environmental conditions with environmental requirements,” something that lies at the core of the hotspot paper as well. The idea of natural strategic advantage is similar to the principle of comparative advantage from economics. With respect to aquaculture, by this principle, a country would produce more seafood if they have a comparative advantage of doing so. Comparative advantage can derive from resource endowments such as suitable land, water, or coastal space, or crop ingredients and animal protein resources to make aquafeeds. It can also come from the level of technological development, either through improved equipment or production technology, or by increased resource use efficiency, such as that obtained through the application of better practices. Some of the countries identified in the Gentry paper have the opportunity to press their comparative advantage with respect to marine aquaculture production. The identification of marine aquaculture hotspots begs the question of where are the hottest of the hotspots. Where are the places where aquaculture can burn the brightest? What characterizes the hottest of the hot spots? There are numerous examples around the world to demonstrate that successful commercial aquaculture occurs where value chains are fully developed and where production is concentrated into regional clusters. Other critical factors need to be considered to identify areas with the greatest production potential, and some of these are difficult to map in a spatially explicit way. Market structure, availability of skilled labor and other human resources, access to fingerlings and feeds, among other parts of the value chain, and an enabling regulatory environment are also critical determinants of successful commercial aquaculture development. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Marine Aquaculture Hotspots and Natural Strategic Advantage
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2017 5 New Minister and Vice Minister of Oceans and Fisheries Appointed President Moon Jae-in appointed Mr. Kim Young-choon, a ruling party lawmaker, as the Minister of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) in June and Mr. Kim’s appointment was subsequently confirmed by the National Assembly. President Moon had earlier appointed the new Vice Minister, Kang Joon-suk, the former President of the National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS). Mr. Kim has worked as chairman of the National Assembly’s agriculture, forestry and fisheries committee for the past year and has been listening to the opinions of related industries and dealing with marine fisheries issues. At his inaugural address, Mr. Kim said “The MOF has just begun its voyage to becoming a ‘Global Marine Power’ with you. The MOF will bring full vitality to the ocean by restoring marine and coastal ecosystems and environments, and developing fisheries into a high value-added industry.” Latest Asian Heatwave Sweeping South Korea The summer heatwave has been affecting normal sea surface temperatures, leading to an increase in fish mortality and causing damage in fish farms. Governmental officials heard voices from facilities, met local fishermen and municipal officials were sent to check the damage caused by high water temperature and discussed countermeasures against it. At least five fish farms on the southern island of Jeju reported the loss of at least 69,000 fish, while six fish farms in North Gyeongsang Province reported the loss of 36,000 fish in August. In Busan, at least 8,000 flatfish died in aquaculture centers. Flatfish has been one of the most common species raised in Korean fish farms, can withstand a water temperature up to 32 C. Water temperatures at some farms exceeded that level, leading to mortality. Regional Standard for Laver Products Approved by CODEX The MOF announced that Korea’s Standard for Laver Products was approved as an Asian standard in July. The drafts of the Standard for Laver Products, proposed by Korea last September, were agreed to smoothly by the Asian Regional Coordination Committee at the 40th CODEX Alimentarius Codex General Assembly held recently in Geneva. This standard will be applied to dried laver, roasted laver and seasoned laver products of the genus Pyropia, formerly Porphyra. Local names of laver are gim in Korea, nori in Japan and zicai in China. The adoption of the standard in the Asian region will greatly contribute to the increase of exports. Exports of laver seasoning jumped from US$ 79.5 million in 2010 to US$ 236.9 million last year. Eco-friendly Energy Supply Project An ecofriendly energy supply project has brought multiple beneficial effects to the aquaculture sector. The project supported the cost of installing energy-saving facilities utilizing new and renewable energy technologies at aquaculture farms to improve the energy efficiency of those operations. From 2011 to 2016, KRW148.3 billion was provided for installation of 1,285 energysaving facilities that are about 3-5 times more efficient than existing facilities on 774 fish farms. The MOF reported that fuel costs after introduction of heat pump installations, for example, was reduced by 61.7 percent per year, as analyzed by Jeju National University. The project reduced fuel cost, increased production efficiency and reduced carbon emissions, thereby solving three problems with one action. Mass Production of Bang-eo (Japanese Amberjack) Era is held Widely beloved in the winter season, bang-eo (the Korean name of the Japanese amberjack Seriola quinqueradiata) is a migratory fish that travels between the South Sea and the East Sea. The catch fluctuates greatly depending on changes in marine environmental conditions such as water temperature and ocean currents. Efforts have been made to enhance the stock since 1965, but controlled mass seed production for aquaculture has been difficult. Finally, the NIFS has succeeded in mass production Korean Chapter CHAPTER REPORTS (CONTINUED ON PAGE 72)
6 SEPTEMBER 2017 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG U.S. Aquaculture Society It has been just over a month since I returned from South Africa, where I was fortunate to attend the WAS meeting in Cape Town. I want to express my gratitude to the USAS and WAS for allowing me to take part in such a well-organized and energizing event. My compliments to the organizing committee, Bill Daniels, John Cooksey, the WAS Home Office staff, and the staff at Conference Management for making our inaugural conference in Africa so memorable. As this was my first trip to Africa I wanted to involve my family, so my wife and son joined me in the adventure. Following the meeting we spent a few more days in Cape Town and then flew over to the eastern side of South Africa for a safari in a white rhino reserve. What a magnificent country! The people we met were extremely friendly and the vistas and wildlife were spectacular. It took me almost a month to go through the more than 4000 photographs captured on the journey, and we only visited one region of one country on this wondrous continent. When we returned home and told people we had been in Africa their immediate response was, “Oh, were you on a mission trip?” When we told them it was for business and vacation they just couldn’t imagine. We described the beauty and the wonder but it was difficult for most to comprehend. Their mental picture of Africa has been clouded by what they see and hear in the media. They think poverty, civil unrest and political turmoil and not magnificent natural wonders and friendly, determined people. My point is that media has a way of influencing people’s perceptions. It is the same with aquaculture. All of us involved with aquaculture know that it will play an ever-increasing role in supplying protein to the world’s growing population, but many consumers in the US still struggle with conflicting media reports related to aquaculture. Aquaculture in the US has “grown up” in the digital age and has encountered much more public scrutiny than other, more traditional, animal protein production systems (beef, poultry and pork). Media outlets often compete to have the most sensational headlines to catch the reader’s eye and unfortunately bad news is easier to sell than good. People are so busy that they rarely take the time to look beyond the headlines. “Even though the wealth of information on food production available to consumers has never been better, the public’s lack of awareness of and experience with aquaculture makes it difficult for people to know what information to trust” (Kathrin Bacher, 2015, Perceptions and Misconceptions of Aquaculture: A Global Oveerview. GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Vol. 120, FAO, Rome. 35 pp.). Most sensationalized “news” stories begin with a kernel of truth but often end up biased because reporters lack a good frame of reference or are deliberately misled by misinformation provided by agenda-driven NGOs or competitors. We as an industry must do a better job of telling our story. Every industry experiences growing pains and sometimes scrutiny inspires us to improve our production systems but we must come together to create a unified voice. We need to help the public understand the important role that responsible aquaculture will play in addressing food security and a host of other issues related to social and economic impacts in the US and around the globe. This applies at the individual level also. Some of my most enjoyable travel time is spent educating strangers about aquaculture. Ask people what they think about aquaculture and then use your knowledge to help correct misperceptions and inspire confidence in our industry. Many of you reading this magazine are scientists devoted to improving aquaculture. I challenge each of you to develop your “elevator speech” to tell people what you do, why you do it and why they should care. A good opportunity to practice this is during the short presentations at WAS and Aquaculture America meetings. The data is important, but do not forget about the big picture. Please, take the time to “Tell our Story.” — David Cline, President CHAPTER REPORTS The board of LACC and the Steering Committee of LACQUA17 are very excited and diligently making final preparations for our upcoming convention to be held in Mazatlán, Mexico, this November 7-10. Mazatlán is an exciting beach destination and the weather in November is about perfect. The convention center is new, with state-of-the-art facilities, and we have prepared a great outdoors President’s Reception at the colonial Plaza Machado in downtown Mazatlán. Most of all, we will have a great technical program, trade show, and visits to nearby aquaculture facilities. If you have not done so, please register now to get the best rates, and/or submit your presentation abstract at: www.was.org/meetings/default. aspx?code=lacqua17 Our chapter election for President, Secretary and one Director is open until September 10. If you have not done so please cast your vote at: www.was.org/ ballot/default.aspx During the membership meeting at LACQUA17 I will pass the presidential baton to President-Elect Luis Andre Sampaio. I am happy with the progress of the LACC during my two-year tenure and I leave a chapter with increased membership, involved board members, and sound finances. It has been a pleasure to serve, and I wish upcoming President Sampaio the best of luck. — Lorenzo Juarez, President Latin American and Caribbean Chapter
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2017 7 CHAPTER REPORTS The time has come for me to take my responsibility and chair the Asian Pacific Chapter and work toward success together with the board, our current and future members. This is a very exciting time and I can feel that the enthusiasm of the board members remains high since our most recent meeting in Kuala Lumpur at the end of July. Emails are pouring in and ideas are shared continuously; I will keep my words to the board members very simple: keep working hard, no matter what! I wish to start this column with a few deserved acknowledgements and in particular I want to thank our secretary Nate, who is based in Bangkok and always there when needed. She supports our activities, stands at our promotion booths all over Asia, helps to plan monthly board meetings, prepares the minutes for the team … so many tasks that are a necessity but too often are taken for granted. I also want to express my gratitude to all our members who have taken a few minutes of their time to reply to the APC survey. This was launched this year prior to APA17 to get some feedback on the activities that we are initiating and the way we communicate about it. It is really crucial that we have a clear understanding of the expectations of our members. The Board will support the functioning of APC and lead some of the groundwork but it is important that the 537 members of the APC (to date) are also proactive and share information with us, propose activities and so on. My message to all our members who represent farmers, experts, scientists, and business people in the APC region mainly, but also from Europe and Americas: please continue to support APC and propose ideas for growth and activities for training and knowledge sharing! In his last column, Prof. Endhay Kusnendar Kontara (our PastPresident) discussed the roles we played during some of the events we engaged with and therefore I will not reiterate this information here; I will only give an overall statement from APA17 and then look toward the future. The APA17 Conference in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) was a great success. There were 2,834 participants from 46 countries, obviously the result of great preparation efforts from the Steering Committee; thank you all! The conference was also a great opportunity for APC to have its Annual Member Business Meeting, during which the board shared with our members the activities and achievements of 2016-2017 and introduced them to some of the activities that we have proposed for 2017-2018. We discussed very informally with the members present about the survey results and agreed that the Board should communicate more actively with our members while keeping the organization of technical workshops and conferences a high priority. Some of the communication paths that we have to follow APC activities include our website (www.was-apc.org/), Twitter (@WASAPC), LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com/in/was-apc4a9268ab/) and Facebook (www.facebook.com/WAS-Asian-PacificChapter-1880538915502186/). Members are encouraged to take part. The APA17 conference was also a great opportunity for aquaculture stakeholders to hear the names of outstanding students and women in our industry. WAS-APC has presented three “Women Awards” to Christaline George, Indah Susilowati, and Juli-anne Royes Russo, three “Student Travel Awards” to Rui A Goncalves, Tin Han Chien, and Steven Gamble, two “Best Oral Presentation” Awards to Tin Han Chien and Gabriel Ataguba, and two “Best Poster Awards” to Syuhaida Isa and Saadiah Ibrahim. These awards are very important to us because we want to support students to work toward excellence in different fields of aquaculture. Hard work and commitment always pays off in the long run! The next APA conference (APA2018) will take place in Taipei, Taiwan on 24-26 April 2018. It is less than a year from now and it will be without a doubt a great conference. We organized our first Steering Committee meeting already during APA17 and the detailed planning is on track. Therefore, I encourage all stakeholders in our industry to come to Taiwan and enjoy a great conference in a country that has always been a precursor to aquaculture innovation. On a personal note, I spent some precious time at National Taiwan Ocean University (our co-organizer) while I was carrying out research as part of my post-doctoral studies and therefore I know how committed to success the members of the Steering Committee are. I am looking forward to seeing you all there! The Board of APC has agreed to work toward the preparation of a long-term development plan in the region, aligned with the strategic plans of WAS but with a local flavor because the challenges in the Asia Pacific region are facing are not necessarily the same as challenges other regions may face. The Board has already agreed in principle with its participation and support to a few national events in the region: ICAI conference 26-28 October (Solo, Indonesia), AquaSG17 3-7 Oct (Singapore); 11th Indian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum 21-24 November (Cochin, India). The board also agreed to work toward the organization of technical workshops in the Middle East, as well as in Myanmar, Cambodia, China and the Philippines and hope to be able to organize some additional events in Australia. In addition to the organization of these activities, the board will also undertake an internal exercise in generating an “APC Board – How to do it” supporting set of documentations to help new board members to become more efficient in carrying out their tasks in a short amount of time, while ensuring consistency in the way we plan activities. This is not to replace our bylaws but merely to support future board members. Finally, elections will be taking place this year and these will come relatively quickly. I hope to see a very high participation in the process as I want it to be as selective as possible. My final word goes to potential future members: the Asia Pacific represents the region with the largest aquaculture production in the world and WAS-APC represents without a doubt a home for all enthusiastic people who are fully committed to supporting the sustainable growth of aquaculture. This, I believe, will come with the inclusion of new technologies to support planned growth coordinated by public and private players. Sustainable growth can only occur when made with regard to the carrying capacity of the environment (both nature and societies). If you are not a member of WAS-APC, I would encourage you to become one of us! — Guillaume Drillet, President Asian Pacific Chapter
8 SEPTEMBER 2017 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG BOOK REVIEW This book is an update and expansion of Flowing Water Fish Culture, first published by CRC in 1994. The once 160-page book is now 272 pages. The 11-chapter core of the original book has been updated, with a major new section on “static water fish culture,” consisting of eight chapters. The strength of this book remains the section on flowing water fish culture. Most of the early chapters are classic raceway engineering, based on the pioneering work of Haskell, Piper, Willoughby and Westers, among others. Most of the early work on raceway engineering focused on rainbow trout farming and so this book emphasizes the culture of coldwater species in flowing water systems, although some information is provided about warmwater species such as tilapia and channel catfish. One of the strengths of this book is that this information is now gathered in one place, with a distinctively practical focus. The early chapters include discussion of the effect of temperature on growth, water sources – including a discussion of water flow in channels and pipes – and different kinds of culture units. There are two chapters on oxygen, one about the solubility of oxygen in water and the other about the oxygen requirements of fish, including respiratory physiology and effects of hypoxia. This focus on fish physiology is appropriate because it is the basis for understanding carrying capacity in flow-through systems. The section on carrying capacity is quite useful, with a review of methods based on feed loading, fish length and oxygen consumption rate, again with reference to rainbow trout culture. A discussion of fish rearing density, the spatial requirements of fish and use of the lengthbased density index of Piper conclude the chapter. Unfortunately, there was little discussion of carrying capacity with respect to warmwater species, despite the existence of commercial projects with tilapia in raceways. As understanding of fish bioenergetics has deepened, estimates of carrying capacity have become increasingly refined. To this point, the concept of cumulative oxygen consumption (see Colt, J. and K. Orwicz. 1991. Modeling production capacity of aquatic culture systems under freshwater conditions. Aquac. Eng. 10:1-29) was not addressed and deserved some treatment. The sections on reaeration, aeration and oxygenation are excellent, with many illustrative photos and drawings. The information on some of the aeration technologies is a bit dated and there is no discussion of airlift pumps in raceways but in general the subject is covered well. Similarly, there is an excellent section on pure oxygen systems, including PSAs, U-tubes, downflow bubble contactors (Speece cones), and LHOs. A short section on degassing ends the chapter and much more could have been written about this important topic. The chapter on ammonia production and toxicity covers the basics and has some nice photographs of gill hyperplasia. The discussion of ammonia toxicity should have been updated to include consideration of the Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia - Freshwater published by EPA in 2013. In general, ammonia criteria are now more stringent than previously published estimates. The chapter on effluent control emphasizes solids removal in raceway quiescent zones and this subject is treated comprehensively. There was no discussion about diet modification as a way to control phosphorus discharge. The short chapter on water recirculation was adequate but fairly superficial, given the complexity of the subject. It is also difficult to understand why a chapter on water recirculation is included in a book on flowing water fish culture because water flow between unit operations in a recirculating system is not the same as using flowing water to provide oxygen and remove wastes in raceways. Readers interested in the subject would be better served by the so-called “Yellow Book” on Recirculating Aquaculture by Timmons and Ebeling. The second major section of the book is about static water fish culture. In recognition of the fact that most global fish production occurs in ponds, the author elected to expand the original book on flowing water fish culture to include consideration of static ponds. The section begins with a short (9-page) review of limnology (emphasizing stratification), eutrophication, DO dynamics, energy transfer and lake biology. The next chapter provides sixteen “Swingle’s principles” of static water aquaculture. To the best of my knowledge, there has been no formal publication of these, although these basic principles are fundamental to an understanding of pond aquaculture. They are related to pond fertility, plant production and fish production, fertilization and feeding, and carrying capacity. Another short (6-page) chapter on the ecology of static aquaculture ponds touches on the basics of pond food webs and includes a good discussion of fish growth and fish production, including the underused concept of “critical standing crop” as well as carrying capacity. The 5-page chapter on photosynthesis and respiration barely does justice to these critical processes, as does a short chapter on alkalinity and liming. The chapter on nutrient cycles and fertilization is somewhat more comprehensive, although the author would have been better served summarizing the current state-of-the-art understanding of the topic, rather than reviewing the rather lengthy history of fertilization research studies. A final chapter on feeding and aeration feels like an afterthought. Much of this material is better covered in the inexpensive water quality books authored by Claude Boyd. The end of nearly every chapter includes around ten practical sample problems, for which the answers are worked out in an appendix. All the photographs are black and white and some are dark and low-quality. Although the book is intended to be used as a textbook for a two-semester college course on aquaculture, it might be more useful to producers of fish in flow-through systems. There is an abundance of practical information, with quantitative analysis of problems and principles where appropriate. The examples could be used by fish farmers to better understand the operation of their own flow-through facility. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Aquaculture Technology: Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture by Richard W. Soderberg, CRC Press, 2017
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2017 9 In each issue of World Aquaculture, we summarize a new and exciting research paper from the relaunched Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. This issue’s selected paper is “First Record of Captive Larval Culture and Metamorphosis of the Pacific Blue Tang, Paracanthurus hepatus,” by Matthew A. DiMaggio, Eric J. Cassiano, Kevin P. Barden, Shane W. Ramee, Cortney L. Ohs, and Craig A. Watson. The global trade in ornamental fish is estimated to exceed US$ 300 million. Although many popular freshwater fish sold as ornamentals are farm-raised, only about 10 percent of marine ornamental fish sold are from aquaculture. The wild capture of large numbers and species of marine fish for the ornamental fish trade raises questions about long-term effects on the coral reef ecosystems targeted for wild capture. The Pacific blue tang – of “Finding Dory” fame – is a popular ornamental fish that is sourced entirely from the wild. Its captive propagation would alleviate pressure on wild stocks, but the lack of successful larval culture methods has hampered its development. The paper in JWAS reports the first record of captive larval culture of the blue tang through metamorphosis, when the first signs of blue pigmentation appear, opening the door for further development of culture methods for this important ornamental fish. Continued breakthroughs of aquaculture research on important marine ornamental species offers a pathway for protection of coral reef systems while providing continued economic opportunities for ornamental fish farmers. The paper can be found in the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 48(3):393-401, available as Open Access at onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ journal/10.1111/jwas.12426, or under Publications at www.was.org. — Carole R. Engle, Executive Editor, JWAS Recent Research Highlight from the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society The Editorial Board of the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society is pleased to announce the Outstanding Reviewers for the 2016 volume (47) of the journal. Congratulations go to Dr. F.C. Thomas Allnutt, BrioBiotech LLC; Dr. Yoram Avnimelech, Israel Institute of Technology; Dr. Igo Guimarães, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; and Dr. Ian Forster, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. Dr. Thomas Allnutt: I enjoy reading what researchers are up to around the world and, even when the topic is not specifically what I am doing at the time, the exposure to new work helps to keep me current and inspired in my own research. The chance to improve the articles through careful review and constructive feedback gives me a chance to contribute positively to the aquaculture community. Dr. Yoram Avnimelech: If you get a good research paper to review, you learn a lot. Dr. Igo Guimarães: Although judging the scientific merit is a difficult task due to differences in developmental stage of Announcing the 2016 Outstanding Reviewers for the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society aquaculture among countries, serving as a peer reviewer increases the knowledge beyond our expertise area, challenging us to improve our own research area; thus, making the task worth it. Dr. Ian Forster: Of the many benefits of being a reviewer of scientific literature, two stand out. First is the feeling of participating in the progression of science. Every scientist, whether aspiring or experienced, knows the value of having access to literature that has been peer-reviewed, but the only way this can exist is for people in the field to provide their input as reviewers. Being a reviewer gives me satisfaction in the knowledge that I’m helping to ensure publication of high quality science. A second benefit to me is that by reviewing the work of other researchers, I can gain insights that assist me when thinking about and planning my own research. I’m always delighted when I’m reviewing an article, perhaps one that is not directly in my field and that I probably would not see except as a reviewer, and I read about a technique or statistical procedure that is unknown to me but which could provide valuable new insights or simplify my work. Thomas Allnutt Yoram Avnimelech Igo Guimarães Ian Forster
10 SEPTEMBER 2017 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG TOWARD THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF AQUACULTURE Claude E. Boyd is Professor Emeritus in the School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences at Auburn University. He received a B.S in chemistry and entomology (1962) and M.S in insect toxicology from Mississippi State University (1963), and a Ph.D. in water quality from Auburn University (1966). His research efforts have included ecology and utilization of aquatic weeds, pond liming and fertilization, water quality and aeration, pond bottom soil management, and hydrology of ponds. In recent years, he has done considerable work on the environmental impacts of aquaculture and has been involved in many efforts towards developing better management practices to prevent negative impacts of freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture. Dr. Boyd’s teaching has focused on graduate training in water quality management and continuing education for professionals. He has been the major professor for 130 graduate students. Dr. Boyd’s publications have included research, review, and experience papers in scientific journals, eight books, experiment station publications, and articles in trade journals (totaling over 400). He has transferred his research findings to user groups through hundreds of international consultancy and advisory activities to farmers, industry, and various governmental and non-governmental organizations. Below is the quintessence of our conversation, held on 10 November 2016. Rodrigue Yossa: Why have you chosen to work in aquaculture? Claude Boyd: I have never studied aquaculture. My educational background was heavily slanted towards chemistry, toxicology, soil science, and plant physiology. I got involved in aquaculture because they needed somebody to work on water quality in fishponds at Auburn University back in the 1960s. At the time I started at Auburn University, there was a great interest in sport fishing in ponds and no real interest in aquaculture per se. Gradually people started to show some interest in culturing fish for food. It was amazing to see how people had deep knowledge about fish biology and fish while very little was known about the pond environment and rearing conditions. So I took the challenge to work on water quality in ponds; I liked it and stayed in this field. Rodrigue Yossa: How would you describe the ideal aquaculture scientist? Claude Boyd: There are so many subfields in aquaculture nowadays that it is difficult to describe an ideal aquaculture scientist. For scientists working at the level of aquaculture production, they need to have a broad general training and knowledge of genetics, nutrition, disease management, hydrology, water quality, etc. However, nowadays aquaculture scientists tend to be very specialized. For instance, scientist specialized in genetics do not necessarily have any training in aquaculture and they are just working on genetics, while those specialized in nutrition are just working on nutrition without taking any class in water quality for example. There is a tendency to develop several subfields in aquaculture science that do not necessarily need training in aquaculture itself. Scientists who would like to specialize in aquaculture production science could receive a good initial training in agronomy (including aquaculture) to build a strong background in agriculture production in general before specializing in nutrition or genetics or water quality for instance, as they absolutely must know how to grow fish. Rodrigue Yossa: How would you describe the ideal aquaculture producer? Claude Boyd: The best aquaculture producers read, listen to advice and do not hope for miracles. They try to use the methodologies that have been proven with some kind of verification through research or experience. There are so many farmers out there who are just hoping for miracles and follow what their neighbors do or say and will buy anything the salesman says might help them out. It is sometimes like trying to use a new medicine that is not yet proven instead of just going to the doctor. Rodrigue Yossa: What do you think are the main challenges for aquaculture in the short, medium and long run? Claude Boyd: In the short term, the biggest problem for aquaculture is making a profit. No matter how nice and promising the projections for aquaculture production are, trying to produce A Conversation with Claude E. Boyd Rodrigue Yossa Claude E. Boyd
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2017 11 efficiently enough to actually make a profit is a challenge. In the medium term, the challenges for aquaculture will be to find sustainable way to prevent and combat diseases, particularly in shrimp culture, to improve feed in some areas of the world, and to find optimum water quality levels in term of water aeration (while some farmers aerate too much, other farmers aerate too little), and to improve the environmental management and resources used in farms. In the long term, aquaculture will have to stop using high amount of fishmeal, otherwise semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture will go out of business. Scientists have proven that fishmeal could significantly be reduced and even eliminated from some fish diets without compromising fish growth. However, no one from the industry (fishmeal producers, feed produced and fish farmers) is willing to adopt these findings and make the change, probably because fishmeal represents a big market. But this fishmeal issue has to be solved because the use of this ingredient represents one of the most important environmental problems associated with aquaculture. Rodrigue Yossa: What does the future of aquaculture look like in your region? Claude Boyd: In the southeast USA, channel catfish farming is not doing well and the current production is about 50 percent of what it was 10 years ago. Channel catfish farming has not been promoted as it should have been. The farmers never aggressively tried to sell their products overseas as an export product and they were not innovative enough to promote catfish in the US. For instance, some years ago, I was at a conference in Ecuador and a speaker showed 30 different tilapia products for the market. In U.S. catfish, it is difficult to find more than three types of products in the market. In my region aquaculture production has stabilized and is no longer declining. Rodrigue Yossa: What does the future of aquaculture look like in the world? Claude Boyd: It looks very good in Asia and pretty good in Central and South America, where aquaculture is expending every year. Regarding Africa, I do not know that much about aquaculture development there, but I believe that there is potential. Rodrigue Yossa: What do you think about professional certification of aquaculturists? Claude Boyd: The America Fisheries Society certifies Fisheries Biologists, but there is currently no certification dedicated to aquaculture specialists, to my knowledge. Certification would be a really good thing, especially for those who work directly in the aquaculture industry. There should be some way to verify that somebody who is hired to work in the industry has some level of expertise. The certification of aquaculture professionals will therefore be important in this regard. Rodrigue Yossa: What would be the steps towards the professionalization of aquaculturists? Claude Boyd: Certifying people at the university level would be complex because academics are usually very good in a specific area of aquaculture but are not that good in other aspects of aquaculture. This certification should be given by a third party. When we started developing aquaculture certification programs for ecolabeling, the first step was to look at other industries and see how they certified their products. In the case of aquaculture, see how it works in other professional fields such as engineering, fisheries, and particularly agronomy, and then adapt that to aquaculture reality and set sustainable aquaculture standards for professional certification. This would involve the participation of aquaculture academics, aquaculture industry, civil society, and government agencies. Rodrigue Yossa: What would you have done differently if you had to restart your career in aquaculture? Claude Boyd: I always wanted to be a geologist, but back then people of the Mississippi State University told me that they had all the geologists that they needed, and that I would not be able to get a job. That was true at that time, but it would not necessarily be true today. So, I love what I have achieved in aquaculture so far, but if had to do it all over again, I would be a geologist, in spite of what the geology professors told me in 1956. Rodrigue Yossa: What advice would you give to young aquaculturists? Claude Boyd: Aquaculture students should have a good background in quantitative mathematics, physics, chemistry, agronomy, in addition to biology. Aquaculture, like other kinds of production systems, requires a quantitative approach. Those trained only in biology tend to view the world qualitatively. Graduates in aquaculture with a B.Sc. should go to graduate school, because that is needed nowadays to get a decent job, at least in the US. I would not advise anyone in the US to get into aquaculture if he/she is not planning to get a graduate degree. NEW BOOK IN THE WAS ONLINE STORE Aquaculture: Will it rise to its potential to feed the world? By George S. Lockwood. Aquaculture is the most environmentally sustainable means to feed the population boom that threatens the planet. Will government allow it to do this critically important job? Paperback 199 pages. ISBN: 9781366393340
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