WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2017 47 Some challenges are already being overcome, such as improved efficiency of feed use. Farmers are now more aware about the use of different types of feed to meet the nutritional requirements of fish as they grow and frequent fish sampling to adjust feeding rate. However, the high feed conversion ratios obtained in different farms demonstrates that good feed management is not yet fully implemented. This is reflected directly in production costs because feed accounts for 70-85 percent of farm EOC. The feed conversion ratios reported in this project ranged from 1.56 to more than 1.86. Workers and technicians should be trained in production systems management (feed management, water quality, biometrics and wastewater) to improve feed conversion ratios and consequently the profitability and competitiveness of aquaculture enterprises. In terms of fish marketing, there is a paradox. The low number of processing plants in production centers does not provide a sufficiently guaranteed market to fish farmers, but results in greater profitability. For farms where the main market is a processing plant, such as Santa Fé do Sul, inevitably the sales price of tilapia received by farmers is lower, decreasing profitability. In compensation, however, demand is guaranteed and sometimes formalized in contracts or integration chains, and may be certified. Therefore, the development of marketing channels is an important step towards the consolidation of the aquaculture sector as a whole. The goal should be to offer the market a product with regularity and less dependence on seasonality of production. This can open up new opportunities such as supply for school food programs and activities to promote fish consumption in supermarkets and other retail sale venues. Notes Andrea Elena Pizarro Muñoz, EMBRAPA Pesca e Aquicultura. Email: andrea.munoz@embrapa.br Fabricio Pereira Rezende, EMBRAPA Pesca e Aquicultura. Email: fabricio.rezende@embrapa.br Marcela Mataveli, EMBRAPA Pesca e Aquicultura. Email: marcela. mataveli@embrapa.br Renata Melon Barroso, EMBRAPA Pesca e Aquicultura. Email: renata.barroso@embrapa.br Prolongamento da Avenida NS 10, cruzamento com a Avenida LO 18, sentido Norte, loteamento Água Fria. Palmas, TO – Brasil – Caixa Postal Nº 90 – CEP 77008-900 References FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome, Italy. IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia E Estatística). 2016. Produção Pecuária Municipal. Brasilia, Brazil. Machado, J. 2015. Cenário de carnes 2014/2015. Associação Brasileira de Proteína Animal – ABPA. São Paulo, Brazil Matsunaga, M., P.F. Bemelmas, P.E.N Toledo, R.D. Dulley, H. Okawa and I.A. Pedroso. 1976. Metodologia de custo utilizada pelo IEA. Agricultura em São Paulo 23(1):123-139. Muñoz, A.E.P., F. Rezende, R. Barroso and M. Mataveli. 2016. Aquicultura in CNA Confederação da Agricultura e Pecuária do Brasil). Campo Futuro. Resultados 2016. Brasília: CNA. Muñoz, A.E.P., F. Rezende, R. Barroso and M. Mataveli. Comparative Economic Performance of Aquaculture Centers in Brazil. Presented at World Aquaculture Society – Latin American Chapter LACQUA – SARA 2016. Lima, Peru Muñoz, A.E.P. and R.M. Barroso. 2016. Piscicultores e demais agentes da cadeia produtiva discutem os custos de produção da tilápia em Santa Fé do Sul - SP. Palmas: Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura. (Informativo Campo Futuro, 24). http://ainfo.cnptia. embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/155531/1/465.pdf Muñoz, A.E.P. and F.P.Rezende. 2016. Piscicultores e demais agentes da cadeia produtiva discutem os custos de produção da tilápia em Felixlândia. Palmas: Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura. (Informativo Campo Futuro, 20). http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/ digital/bitstream/item/145198/1/CNPASA-2016-icf20.pdf Muñoz, A.E.P. and F.P. Rezende. 2016. Piscicultores e demais agentes da cadeia produtiva discutem os custos de produção da tilápia em Guapé. Palmas: Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura. (Informativo Campo Futuro, 19). http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/ digital/bitstream/item/145201/1/CNPASA-2016-icf19.pdf Muñoz, A.E.P. and F.P. Rezende. 2016.Piscicultores e demais agentes da cadeia produtiva discutem os custos de produção da tilápia em Morada Nova de Minas. Palmas: Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura. (Informativo Campo Futuro, 21). http://ainfo.cnptia. embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/145202/1/CNPASA-2016icf21.pdf Muñoz, A.E.P.and R.M. Barroso. 2016. Piscicultores e demais agentes da cadeia produtiva discutem os custos de produção da tilápia em Riolândia - SP. Palmas: Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura. (Informativo Campo Futuro, 25). http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/ digital/bitstream/item/155441/1/460.pdf Muñoz, A.E.P. and R.M. Barroso. 2016. Piscicultores e técnicos discutem os custos de produção de tilápia em viveiro escavado na região da Mogiana - SP. Palmas: Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura. (Informativo Campo Futuro, 26). http://ainfo.cnptia. embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/155526/1/464.pdf Muñoz, A.E.P., M. Mataveli, L.E.L. de Freitas and E.A.B. Routledge. 2016. Piscicultores e técnicos discutem os custos de produção de tilápia em viveiro escavado em Tubarão - SC. Palmas: Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura. (Informativo Campo Futuro, 23). http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/ item/155518/1/462.pdf In general, the structures of aquaculture enterprises in Brazil are very diverse. There is a shift in the cost balance when hired labor is employed in an enterprise with high annual gross revenue. In contrast, properties with family labor have lower annual gross revenue, but the income from aquaculture has a significant role in the farmer’s livelihood.
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