58 SEPTEMBER 2019 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Way Forward The existing system of fish production can be modified in coming years by introducing various fish species into pens to exploit the water column niche. This would be a suitable approach to support a better livelihood for fisher communities and female family members in the inland aquatic system where double income from fish and clams would be possible. Strategies are needed that support general development and climate change adaptation in this vulnerable ecosystem. Pens provide a good livelihood option and acts as a blue carbon sink that helps offset carbon emissions from wetlands. Protection of wetland biodiversity and integrity can improve the resiliency of wetland ecosystems so that they continue to provide important services under changed climatic conditions. Location-specific and innovative adaptation and mitigation strategies such as the CRPS can bring community empowerment in the face of climate change. Acknowledgments I thank Dr. B.K. Das, Director, ICAR-CIFRI for his kind support and guidance. I also thank S. Manoharan and Usha Unnithan, technical staff of ICAR-CIFRI Kochi Centre for their relentless efforts in the success of this demonstration program. Notes Thankam Theresa Pau1*, G. Kuberan, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi Station Preetha Panikker, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Bangalore Centre Deepa Sudheesan, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi Station and K. Sarkar, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore. * Corresponding author: thankamtheresa@gmail.com References Allison, E.H. and F. Ellis. 2001. The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Marine Policy 25:377-388. Bunting, S.W. and J. Pretty. 2007. Global carbon budgets and aquaculture: emissions, sequestration and management options. Centre for Environment and Society Occasional Paper 2007-1. University of Essex, UK. Easterling, W.E., P. K Aggarwal and P. Batima. 2007. Food, fibre and forest products. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Pages 273-313 In: M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, editors. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. R.K. Pauchauri and A. Reisinger, editors. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report – Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 8 pp. Kurup, B., M. Sebastian, T. Sankaran and P. Rabindranath. 1990. Exploited fishery resources of the Vembanad Lake. Part III. Clam fisheries. Mahasagar 23(2):127-137. Prowse, M., N. Grist and C. Sourang. 2009. Closing the gap between climate adaptation and poverty reduction frameworks. Project Briefing No. 21. Overseas Development Institute, London, UK. Fisherwoman actively harvesting clams. Harvesting black clams from a pen. Fisherman with a catch of black clams. Women transporting black clams to market.
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