KELP FARMING IN ALASKA VOLUME 53, NUMBER 3 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY SEPTEMBER 2022 W RLD AQUACULTURE
WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2022 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, PO Box 397, Sorrento LA 70778-0397 USA. P and F: +1-225-347-5408; Email: JudyA@was.org World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2022-23 Jennifer Cobcroft Blair, President Antonio Garza de Yta, Past-President Humberto Villarreal, President Elect Reginald Blaylock, Treasurer Kathleen Hartman, Secretary DIRECTORS Guillaume Drillet Marco Saroglia David Cline Victoria Tarus Hillary Egna Angela Caporelli Marina M. Rubio Benito, Student Director CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES John Walakira, African Jean-Yves Mével, Asian Pacific Ik Kyo Chung, Korean Francisco Javier Martínez Cordero, Latin America and Caribbean WilliamWalton, USAS HOME OFFICE STAFF Judy Edwards Andrasko, Director, JudyA@was.org Killian A. Haydel, Assistant Director, killianh@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Executive Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 P: +1-760-751-5005; F: +1-760-751-5003 Email: worldaqua@was.org MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPODENCE Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. Email: Editor@worldaquaculture.us Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN 1041-5602), is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 6203 Jonathan Alaric Avenue, Gonzales, LA 70737 USA. Library subscription price $50 annually for United States addresses and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals) $1,100. Periodical postage paid at Sorrento Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER Please send address changes to World Aquaculture Society, PO Box 397, Sorrento, LA 70778-0397 USA. ©2022, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL . 53 NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 2022 15 Recent Research Highlight from the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 17 The World Aquaculture Society Awards Honorary Life Membership to Lorenzo Juarez and Carlos Wurmann 18 The Office of MUMS Changes Course on Indexing Eligibility Craig Watson 19 A Tribute to Alain Michel Gérard Cuzon (Aquacop) 20 Dampened Yet Still Growing: A Glimpse of the Growth Performance of Global Aquaculture in the First Year of COVID-19 Junning Cai, Giulia Galli, PingSun Leung and Xiaowei Zhou 25 Bacteriophages: A Sustainable Solution to Tackle AMR in Aquaculture Mara Thomas, Justyna Andrysiak, Ewelina Wójcik, Elżbieta Fornal, Justyna Kowalska, Jolanta Witaszewska, Monika Terenowicz and Jarosław Dastych 28 Virus Interference in Crustaceans Cesar M. Escobedo-Bonilla 35 Quorum Sensing in Aquaculture: A Brief Overview Rida Riyaz and Parvaiz Ahmad 38 Addressing Knowledge Gaps for Freshwater Pond Culture of Gulf Killifish Brittany Chesser and Peter Allen 41 Lunar Periodicity in the Spawning of Red Drum in Aquaculture Jessica Sannwaldt and Jennifer Butler 44 Growing Japanese Seaweed in Maine: Challenges and Insights Steve Crawford 50 Building Community Capacity in the Determination of Nutrient Removal through Kelp Farming Schery Umanzor, Melissa Good, Tesia Bobrycki, Jang K. Kim and Charles Yarish 55 Learning from the Best: Virtual Fish Farm Tours with the Great Lakes Aquaculture Collaborative Lauren N. Jescovitch, Emma Forbes, Elliot Nelson, Titus Seilheimer and Amy J. Schrank 60 Use of Aquaculture and Aquaponics in High Schools to Teach Environmental and Ecological Concepts Kenneth R. Thompson, Carl D. Webster, Kirk W. Pomper, Jim H. Tidwell and Rebecca M. Krall 65 Small is Great: The Scope of Nanotechnology in Aquaculture S. Sreelekshmy, P. Aparna Ramanan, V.J Rejish Kumar COVER: Adelia Myrick harvesting sugar kelp Saccharina latissima from her farm in Uganik Bay in Kodiak, Alaska (Photo: Tollef Monson). See story on page 50. (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)
2 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG Pre s i dent’s Column Greetings to everyone for the September WAS President column. The last three months have been a busy time for the World Aquaculture Society, with the increased number of in-person conferences. These conferences are the culmination of years of planning and a credit to all involved in the delivery of major events that facilitate sharing aquaculture knowledge. Like many of you, my three months have been filled with a variety of things: tank cleaning and feeding aquatic animals, applying new technologies, setting up scientific studies, learning new things, and communicating progress in conversation and in writing. When so much can happen in just three months, it is a reminder to me of the benefits of sharing experiences with other people. Frommy perspective, that is what the World Aquaculture Society is for — to share our experiences of aquaculture. With that shared frame in mind —WAS, the Aquaculture Association of Canada (AAC) and the Newfoundland and Labrador Aquaculture Industry Association (NAIA) co-hosted Aquaculture Canada and WAS North America 2022 in August in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada. The event delivered tough conversations and celebrated achievements through technical sessions and networking events. I’m sorry to have missed the Kitchen Party. World Aquaculture Singapore 2022, November 29 – December 2, is shaping up to be a significant in-person conference, with a fully subscribed trade show. This will be the first WAS conference in Asia in over three years, since Asian-Pacific Aquaculture 2019 in Chennai, India. The program is filled with opportunities to share innovations in science, experience new technologies and network with friends and colleagues. There are over 500 abstracts submitted for the conference and attendance is anticipated to approach 2000 people. Singapore is an ideal location to explore the theme ‘Next Generation Aquaculture: Innovation and Sustainability will Feed the World.’ The plenary speakers will be Grace Fu (Minister for Sustainability and the Environment, Singapore) and Matthias Halwart (Head of the Aquaculture Branch, Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division, FAO), who will set the scene for an inspiring event. The session planning is progressing well and the Student Activities Committee is working closely with the WAS Asian-Pacific Chapter to ensure a valuable program of professional development and networking for all students attending. In other WAS news, there has been a change of Executive Editor of the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, with Ken Cain commencing in this role in September 2022. We bid farewell to Matt Slater from that role, but not fromWAS involvement, and thank Matt for his valuable contributions to the Journal. Communication with WAS chapters has centered around ongoing efforts of the WAS Board to improve student member benefits and to further develop policies to support diversity and inclusion in WAS. A major activity informing global aquaculture development was the launch of the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) 2022 edition in June, during the UN Ocean Conference in Portugal. The report documents recent growth in aquaculture production, reaching a record 122.6 million metric tons globally in 2020 with a value of US$ 281.5 billion. Of critical importance to the World Aquaculture Society is the statement that aquaculture sector growth has often occurred at the expense of the environment. The WAS Vision Statement affirms that “the World Aquaculture Society, through its commitment to excellence in science, technology, education, and information exchange, will contribute to the progressive and sustainable development of aquaculture throughout the world.” There is always more for WAS members to do through research, education and communication to contribute to the diverse activities of aquaculture internationally and to share practices that are not at the expense of the environment. Keep sharing your experiences of aquaculture. See you at a World Aquaculture Society or Chapter conference soon. — Jennifer Blair, President Contents (continued) 2 President’s Column 3 Editor’s Note 4 Asian Pacific Chapter Report 6 Korean Chapter Report 8 African Chapter Report 11 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Report 13 USAS Chapter Report 70 Conference Calendar 71 Future Conferences and Expositions 72 Membership Application Aquaculture sector growth has often occurred at the expense of the environment. The WAS Vision Statement affirms that “the World Aquaculture Society, through its commitment to excellence in science, technology, education, and information exchange, will contribute to the progressive and sustainable development of aquaculture throughout the world.”
WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2022 3 Ed i tor’s Note I have often thought that every editorial I write for World Aquaculture could be about the effects of climate change on aquaculture, given its importance as an existential threat to our future on this planet. I have restrained myself so as not to be either boring or a purveyor of doom. However, current events and news releases of ongoing studies have raised my level of alarm once again. The Stockholm Resilience Center has reported that the world is at risk of passing five dangerous climate tipping points if global temperatures rise above 1.5 C. These include collapse of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, widespread abrupt permafrost thaw, collapse of the Labrador Sea subpolar gyre and massive die-off of tropical coral reefs. The number of tipping points has increased from 9 to 16. The study concluded that we may have already left the safe operating space for humanity. Surpassing more tipping points escalates the risk of further climate destabilization. A recent study in Nature Climate Change concluded that a minimum sea-level rise of 27 cm in the next 100-150 years frommelting of the Greenland ice sheets is now inevitable given the emissions that have already occurred and regardless of any actions taken now to avert further climate change. Many climate scientists believe that multi-meter sea level rise in the next 100-200 years is likely. This would be absolutely devastating for the 600 million people who live in coastal zones from sea level to an elevation of 10 m above, let alone the enormous economic effects associated with damage to coastal infrastructure. Take some time to look at Google Earth imagery for the coastal zones of important aquaculture producing nations around the world. It is not too difficult to imagine the inundation of coastal fish and shrimp ponds and associated shore-based support facilities over time. The existing system of embankments appears flimsy and fragile. As a point of reference, I recall the inundation of coastal aquaculture ponds in Aceh, Indonesia as a result of the devastating tsunami following the late-December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Of course, a huge tsunami wave is categorically different from the gradual increase in sea level associated with climate change. Despite the limitations of this comparison, the destruction of the means of livelihoods and displacement of coastal inhabitants seems inevitable without massive investments. There has also been climate change news around recordsetting heat and drought in China, Europe and the US West, where conditions are being described in terms of a 1200-year “megadrought.” The Yangtze River has fallen so low that hydropower production has been slashed to the point where some fish farmers in Sichuan Province have been unable to pump water or aerate ponds. Drought is obviously not favorable for pond aquaculture that is dependent on surface water flows. Equally of concern is the effect of extended heatwaves and drought on agriculture more broadly, with clear implications for food security, especially in resource-poor nations. Last year, according to the American Meteorological Society, 32 percent of global land area experienced drought of moderate or worse severity. In addition to potential shortfalls associated with human food production, the availability of plant-based ingredients used in aquafeeds could also be put under pressure. Excessive heat also affects crop production. The frequency, duration and intensity of heatwaves is trending upward, in part due to “stuck” jet stream patterns. Perhaps it is not surprising that the temperatures that are favorable for the growth of warmwater species in aquaculture (25-30 C), are also favorable for the growth of soybeans, corn and other grains. As with warmwater aquaculture species, growth performance declines steeply above those temperatures. In brief, the combination of drought and heatwaves have slowed the growth of global agricultural productivity, with declines measured even in relatively wealthy breadbasket countries like the US, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, China and India. Despite these challenges, global grain production has continued on an upward trend since the advent of The Green Revolution in 1960, mainly due to advances in technology. The Global Commission on Adaptation has estimated that global agriculture yields may decline by 5-30 percent by 2050, affecting small farms, including fish farms, most profoundly. The prevalence of undernourishment has been increasing in recent years after reaching historically low levels in the 2010s. The inflation adjusted FAO Food Price Index is now at the highest level since 1961. It seems that progress derived from the Green Revolution has now stalled, in part caused by climate shocks associated with extreme weather events and certainly exacerbated by the covid pandemic. It’s not hard to imagine food system shock scenarios involving extreme weather events leading to severe social disruption — food riots, famine, civil war and mass migration. Nearly half the planet is now living in areas that leave people vulnerable to the effects of extreme weather. How to adapt to climate change and develop resilience capacity remains a key challenge going forward in the short to medium term. The response are necessarily complex and must occur at multiple levels and time scales. Of course, farmers are most concerned with the next crop cycle and so access to insurance and credit programs will be key. What should we in the professional aquaculture community be doing? It seems like an overwhelming problem with no straightforward solution and where piecemeal approaches seem insufficient. I’m sure many of us would just prefer to “stick to the science” and leave the policymaking to others. Scientists have a critically important role to play in society. In his 2007 book “The Honest Broker,” Roger Pielke Jr. describes four categories of scientist with reference to their interaction with policymakers: the pure scientist, the science arbiter, the issue advocate, the stealth advocate and the honest broker of policy alternatives. Which one are you? I encourage every professional aquaculturist to have some form of constructive policy engagement on this issue. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief More Alarming Climate Change News
4 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG C H A P T E R R E P O R T S I have a hard time believing that already three months has passed since l returned to Laos and wrote the last column. I guess being busy catching up on months of inactivity prevents boredom. Anyway, after looking at localism in my last column, which comforted me with the idea of developing my own post-organic urban aquaponic farm in Vientiane, I got frustrated with the sustainability concept, which is more often taken as a marketing tool rather than a real technical issue. So, to improve the sustainability of production from a practical perspective, I looked at adding two production subsystems to the aquaponics system. The first one under design right now is a small black soldier fly larvae production unit. After cleaning and preparing the plant production for sale to a supermarket, the accumulation of organic byproduct is quite large. If composting is an option for recycling organic waste on a regular farm, there is not much need for compost in an urban aquaponics farm. Reducing the volume of organic trash, while producing a new protein source seems to be a win-win situation. The frass, the leftovers from insect larvae feeding on aquaponics byproducts, is very good for biogas production. And here came the second idea to also integrate a small biogas digester to produce energy from the production waste. Many of my aquaculture friends looked at the insect meal pilot project on my farm and were surprised to hear about insect meal for fish production. With this in mind, it was time to really study the production potential of insect larvae as a replacement for fishmeal. This idea seems perfect to reduce the impact of aquaculture on ocean ecosystems. Let’s recall some numbers you probably already know. Farming of aquatic animals, while practiced for more than two millennia, only became significant for global protein production in the late 20th century. Global aquaculture production has increased rapidly only since the 1950s while global capture fisheries production reached a plateau in the early 1990s. According to FAO, aquaculture surpassed capture fisheries in 2016, and it contributed 52 percent of the total harvest weight of aquatic animals for human consumption in 2018. Furthermore, changing climatic conditions are expected to worsen in years to come and will force us to create new systems of food production in efforts to conserve oceans, land, water, energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Feeding such an enormous quantity of animals for human consumption is impressive. By 2027, Global Market Insights predicts that the animal protein feed ingredients market will be worth US$280 billion. This is mainly due to a human population that is expected to continue to grow, and with it a greater need for sustainable, high-quality protein. Predictions of future use of fishmeal in these sectors are for the amount to remain more or less constant and for the proportion of fishmeal used in feed formulations to decrease. Roughly 25 percent of the fishmeal going into aquaculture is used to feed crustaceans, 15 percent to feed salmon and trout, 17 percent to feed marine fish and 21 percent to feed freshwater species. The rest was divided between tilapias, cyprinids and eels. If we want to be more sustainable, maybe we should look at other species that are herbivorous. Tilapia is a great example but many other species could be considered, such as rabbitfish. But why should we change our habits? We have the solution to improve the sustainability of our not-sosustainable high-value fishes. Here comes the insect industry where scale is rapidly increasing, backed by investments and partnerships. A RaboResearch report predicts that the demand for insect protein, mainly as an ingredient in feed and pet food could reach half a million tons by 2030, up from today’s market of about 10,000 tons. Right now pet food is the largest market for insect meal followed by aquaculture feed as a niche market representing only a few thousand tons. The insect industry is promoted by the Green and Blue Revolutions and the circular economy concept which is a top priority for the European Union and other government organizations. A key pillar of the Blue Revolution is reducing the amount of fishmeal in animal feeds. Nowadays, research is looking seriously at different protein sources to replace fishmeal, such as plant protein, algal protein and insect meal. The main reason behind this research is to reduce pressure on wild fish stocks. We are probably at peak harvest of the oceans as fish stocks are overexploited and with climate change, the situation will not improve. It takes 4-5 tons of live fish to produce one ton of fishmeal. And about 6 million tons of fish are harvested each year to produce fishmeal. About 20 percent of this catch is used to feed other fish such as salmon. It is obvious that sustainability is an issue in our aquaculture production systems. Insect meal is a natural choice to replace, at least partially, fishmeal in fish feeds. Indeed, in the wild, many fish eat insects and insect larvae. One of the most well-known insect larvae eaters in the wild is gambusia, a small fish that is a specialized consumer of mosquito larvae. It is used to control mosquito and is often dropped into large bodies of water from planes. Other specialized fish such as the archerfish have developed sophisticated methods for catching insects. And of course trout and salmon are insect eaters and are known for fly fishing sport activities. So, suddenly some people realized that insect production is a way to increase food security worldwide. In fact, while we are contemplating the idea of insect meal as a fishmeal replacement, in some parts of the world insects are directly consumed by local populations. However, today insect meal is primarily looked at as an alternative source of protein for animal feed, which will reduce our dependence on fishmeal, simultaneously increasing the sustainability of aquaculture production. The insect meal option is becoming even more attractive for the feed industry as soybean meal from South America is now seen as unsustainable due to extensive deforestation associated with a reliance on farm chemicals. So, one of the most attractive aspects of insect farming is sustainability. Insects can convert agricultural by products, urban organic food wastes and even agroindustrial inorganic wastes into larvae. The larvae can then be fed to aquatic Asian Pacific Chapter ( C O N T I N U E D O N P A G E 1 1 )
WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2022 5 Nov. 29 - Dec. 2, 2022 For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@was.org | www.was.org World Aquaculture Singapore 2022 Conference Sponsors Temasek Polytechnic, Nanyang Technological University National University of Singapore, James Cook University Republic Polytechnic 3rd International Symposium on Perch and Bass Associate Sponsors Aquaculture Engineering Society International Association of Aquaculture Economics & Management WorldFish WA2020 Partner @WASingaWASAPC @WASAPC The Annual International Conference & Exposition of World Aquaculture Society Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2022 – Annual Meeting of Asian Pacific Chapter, WAS Hosted by Singapore Food Agency WAS Premier Sponsors Singapore EXPO Convention & Exhibition Centre and MAX Atria WA22 was ad CMYK.indd 1 11/20/21 12:02 PM
6 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG C H A P T E R R E P O R T S NIFS Seeks a Way for Systematic International Cooperation The National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS, President Dong-SikWoo) held the first meeting of the Advisory Group on the International Development Cooperation System in July. They are seeking ways to support fisheries science and technology systematically and efficiently to the international community. Recently, Korea has continuously increased the demand for Official Development Assistance (ODA) in the fishery sector from developing countries (Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Tunisia, Colombia). Accordingly, NIFS formed an advisory group composed of international cooperation experts to prepare a systematic global cooperation process and strategy for supporting developing countries in the same way as other fields. The advisory group comprises 23 internal and external experts — 11 exterior, 12 interior: one from outside the industry, four from academia, four from research institutes, two from government, six from support projects for developing countries, and six in charge. They plan to build a more complete and feasible plan. NIFS has been supporting developing countries such as Algeria, Myanmar, and Pakistan with excellent aquaculture science and technology. Representative examples include the success of the Algerian desert shrimp farming project in 2011-2016, the establishment of a master plan for inland aquaculture in Myanmar (2014-2018), and the aquaculture project (2021) and technical support for the aquaculture and fishery industry in Pakistan (2020-2021). This year, the establishment of an aquaculture production base in Vietnam (2022-2026) and the Tunisia International Cooperation Project (2022-2023) are being promoted. Many countries in Asia, Africa and South America are requesting support for aquaculture technologies fromNIFS, but they do not have the budget, organization and human resources to efficiently support them due to a lack of funds, so the technology transfer has been piecemeal. KIMST Discusses Marine Plastic Waste Response and Recycling The Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion (KIMST, President Yun-Yeol Oh) held an innovation forum on the decomposition and recycling of marine plastics in terms of response and utilization of marine plastic waste in August. In this forum, experts introduced the value of marine plastics: 1) regenerated Green Oil (RGO) technology, 2) regenerated nylon production through recycling of waste fishing nets, and 3) carbon reduced concrete anchor using waste nets and oyster shells. This forum included presentations regarding the response to and utilization of marine plastic waste, which can be a potential risk to marine life and humans and discussed ways to decompose and recycle marine plastics. One outcome of the forumwas an R&D plan to prevent marine debris management policies and expand them from collection to recycling. First Steps Towards Commercial Production of Atlantic Salmon The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) and Busan Metropolitan City (Mayor Heong-Joon Park) held a groundbreaking ceremony for a Smart Aquaculture Cluster Test Bed in July at the Pukyong National University Fisheries Science Research Center, located in Gijang-gun, Busan. The Smart Aquaculture Cluster Project dramatically increases the productivity of the aquaculture industry by converting the aquaculture industry into a digital enterprise by combining data, network and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. It is being promoted as a core task of the new government. Starting with Busan in 2019, the MOF has selected five regions, including Goseong (Gyeongsangnam-do), Shinan (Jeollanam-do), Gangneung/Yangyang (Gangwon-do), and Pohang (Gyeongsangbuk-do). The Busan Smart Aquaculture Cluster will have a test bed that can demonstrate Atlantic salmon farming technology in a tank that can accommodate about 500 t of Atlantic salmon. Sensors and communication devices are attached. It is also planning to build a device to store the collected data and an intelligent platform to utilize it. In addition, the R&D center will carry out high-density production, salmon-only feed development, and professional human resources training projects and house a research company support room so that research institutions can focus on technology development. The testbed is expected to be completed within the following year. If salmon farming technology is developed through the test bed, it will be possible to replace salmon, mainly imported, with domestic production. With this test bed construction, Korea has taken the first step in commercial production of Atlantic salmon. The project will be the beginning of reorganizing labor-intensive aquaculture into a technology- and capital-intensive knowledge industry and an opportunity for technological innovation that will change the paradigm of Korea’s aquaculture industry. Fish Farming Area Environmental Improvement The MOF announced some new amendments to the Enforcement Decree of the Fisheries Management Act. In the Fishing Grounds Management Act, aquaculture farmers who use an area must collect accumulated sediment or waste discarded in the farming areas once every three years to preserve and improve the benthic environment. However, there were difficulties in practical implementation because the amount of sediment accumulation and waste inflow differed for each type of farming. Accordingly, the MOF revised the Enforcement Decree of the Fishery Management Act based on survey results on the characteristics of sediment layers and sediments in significant fish farming areas nationwide for five years from 2016. It increased the cleaning cycle from three to five years. In the case of cage-type fish farms, the regulation remains the same, the fish farming grounds are to be cleaned once every three years. FIRA Expanded Seaweed Spore Broadcasting in Response to CalcificationWhitening The Korea Fisheries Resources Agency (FIRA, President Chun Woo Lee) implemented seaweed spore broadcasting techniques in response to calcification whitening. The FIRA South Sea Branch Korean Chapter
WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2022 7 expanded spore broadcasting technology to improve the density of seaweeds in six coastal areas that have been degraded due to the occurrence of calcification whitening. The techniques were developed to increase the habitat density through the natural settling mechanisms of seaweeds with the combination of various application methods: 1) induction of zygote generation through the extraction of spore solution, 2) adult fragmentation in consideration of the life cycle of seaweeds, 3) bedrock application using a highpressure pump, 4) underwater broadcasting using an underwater supply line, and 5) drop broadcasting using an aerial drone. Spore broadcasting has been implemented at six locations that are new marine forest project sites this year. Broadcasting is held in JuneJuly and October-November, considering the growth period of seaweeds. The target seaweeds are native. In the first half of the year, miyeok Undaria pinnatifida, champulgasari Gloiopeltis tenax, kosiraegi Gracilaria sp., and cheonggak Codium fragile are applied. In the second half, there will be gamtae Ecklonia cava, gompi E. stolonifera, and dolgim Pyropia sp. Establishment of Oyster Spawning Grounds with the NIFS and Oyster Coop NIFS established spawning grounds for broodstock oysters in early June with the Oyster Fisheries Cooperative and oyster farmers to secure stable oyster spawning on the southern coast. They established spawning sites in six sea areas: Pildo and Jeosan in Tongyeong, Galhwa and Bongu (new location) in Namhae-gun, Yangpo in Hadong-gun, and Gadeokdo in Busan. More than 50 oyster farmers actively participated in selecting oysters, accepting chaerong nets and unloading spawning grounds this year. In recent years, oyster farmers on the southern coast have had difficulty securing seeds due to delayed maturation of broodstock oysters or not spawning simultaneously. Accordingly, in 2019, NIFS created spawning grounds by putting healthy broodstock oysters in a chaerong net according to the characteristics of each sea area on the southern coast or broadcasting them on the bottom. Before the oyster breeding field construction, seed production was secured from several hatcheries. NIFS established the effective places and methods for seeding with the implementation of a breeding field project. In 2021, NIFS secured the annual number of seeds at one time. As a result, it was possible to reduce the seed cost. This year, NIFS is expected to create oyster spawning grounds to ensure smooth oyster seed production. Criteria for considerations when constructing spawning grounds was established by continuously investigating and analyzing changes in the fattening rate, sexual maturation, spawning volume and larval diffusion characteristics of oysters by sea area. Exploring Cell Life Extension with Cryopreservation Technology of Abalone Sperm The KIMST announced success of cryopreservation technology from the project “Development of abalone culture production technology using sperm cryopreservation method” to prevent the death of abalone sperm cells (apoptosis). Professor Kang-Hee Koh’s team from the Department of Aquaculture Biology at the Chonnam National University, the lead research institute for this study, focused on the generation of free radicals by cells due to damage to the antioxidant defense system and increased lipid oxidation, which in turn accelerates cell death. A gene increase method that suppresses sperm cell death was developed. Three types of antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione) were increased in frozen sperm treated with natural sugars, and expression of five significant antioxidant genes (CAT, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx, GR) was increased. Expression of mRNA increased, and the cells were relieved. In particular, the expression of apoptosis suppressor genes (BLC-2, HSP70, HSP90) was significantly increased in frozen sperm treated with saccharides, and apoptosis promoting genes (Bax, Caspase-3) were decreased. Results of this study are expected to have an epochal impact on future cell life extension research and should help preserve the genes of marine aquatic organisms and develop cryogenic biology. Through this study, it is expected that the semipermanent preservation of abalone sperm and the resulting increase in immunity will bring a paradigm shift in the seed industry of aquaculture animals and plants. — Ik Kyo Chung, President C H A P T E R R E P O R T S
8 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG C H A P T E R R E P O R T S The African Chapter has been engaged with many events and activities in the region as we continue to capture the momentum generated from the AFRAQ21 conference held in Egypt in March. We have realized a surge in membership from new registrations and renewals over the past quarter, indicating a growth in confidence in our chapter. In July, we pre-launched the second Aquaculture Africa Conference (AFRAQ23) that will be held in Zambia. The WAS and the Zambia Government are the hosting parties and have agreed on event dates of 13-16 November 2023 in Lusaka. Conference committees are now established and tasked to produce a roadmap for implementing the AFRAQ23 conference. The conference brochure and website will be launched soon after approval from the Zambian government. Also in July, I was honored to attend the 14th Biennial Conference of the Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa Conference (AASA) in Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa —where I delivered a keynote address. The event was attended by over 180 participants from the private sector, government, universities, investment partners, consultants, exhibitors and students from Africa and beyond. I had an opportunity to meet WAS members from southern Africa during an organized side event. The AASA and the Egyptian Aquaculture Society have long been our special affiliate partners in the African region and we hope to continue collaborating with them on future events. I am grateful to the Regional Director for Southern Africa, Dr. Khalid Salie, for hosting me and our delegation. Our Regional Director for the Central Africa region, Dr. Francisca Delgado, managed to hold her first outreach mission to Angola in June 2022, where WAS members, partners and various other aquaculture stakeholders met to introduce WAS and develop an action plan to serve the region. This is well in line with the strategic vision of WAS of reaching out to new countries with high interest to develop aquaculture. I am overly grateful for the audience we received from both state ministries and several nonstate actors in Angola. We keep welcoming any party interested in partnering with us on the journey to connect and serve the Central Africa region. We were hoping to have the second Regional Conference on Aquaculture in East Africa in Kenya this September, but this event has been postponed to early next year, between 21-24 February 2023 in, Kisumu, Kenya. We shall update you with more information shortly. Preparation for the Second Regional Conference on Aquaculture for West Africa is on-going as scheduled, 16-19 October 2022, at the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokota, Ogun State, Nigeria. This will be a physical conference and I urge many of you to plan to attend and connect with actors from Nigeria, the secondlargest aquaculture producer in Africa, but also to learn more on recent aquaculture developments in the entire West African bloc. I am grateful to the Regional Director for West Africa, Mr. Lanre Badmus, and his organizing team for all efforts in co-ordinating the planning of this event. Various sponsors and partners have expressed interest to collaborate with us. Perhaps the biggest highlight so far is the agreement by former President Olusegun Obasanjo to grace the opening of the event. The former country president is highly regarded as a national aquaculture champion. He also spearheaded the formation of our host organization AUDA-NEPAD. A dedicated website for the conference has been set up where you can get more information and register (wasacwar. com/about/). We hope to share with you the highlights and outcome of that event in the next column. The North Africa region is scheduled to have the first Maghreb Region outreach mission to Morocco around November. This event will engage existing WAS members and potential partner institutions in Algeria, Morocco, Libya, Mauritania and Tunisia. Our founding Gold Sponsor, Aller Aqua, has agreed to sponsor the event. I am equally grateful to the Regional Director: North Africa, Dr. Nevine Shabana, for all ongoing engagements and liaisons with various parties in the Northwest Africa region. Internally, we have begun the process of reviewing African Chapter committee structures. New committee members will soon be appointed and some special ad hoc committees will be established on Gender and Youth Development, Industry Relations and Resource Mobilization to serve the interests of the Chapter in the medium term. I will be updating you more about this in the next column. Lastly, let me reiterate that all these efforts and successes would not be possible had it not been for the spirit of collaboration and strategic partnerships we have with various actors in African aquaculture. No doubt, this has been fundamental to improving our business outcomes. Thank you to our members and partners for taking our great Chapter forward! — John Kilemerwa Walakira, President African Chapter In July, we pre-launched the second Aquaculture Africa Conference (AFRAQ23) that will be held in Zambia. The WAS and the Zambia Government are the hosting parties and have agreed on event dates of 13-16 November 2023 in Lusaka. Conference committees are now established and tasked to produce a roadmap for implementing the AFRAQ23 conference. The conference brochure and website will be launched soon after approval from the Zambian government.
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10 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@was.org | www.was.org Sustainable Aquaculture for Two Oceans HOTEL RIU PLAZA Panama City, Panama April 18-21, 2023 The annual meeting of LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN CHAPTER Get our meeting mobile app Hosted by Latin American & Caribbean Chapter/World Aquaculture Society -WAS LACC- @laccWas LACC World Aquaculture Society Premier sponsors @LACC_WAS Conference sponsor Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2023 LACQUA23 was ad CMYK.indd 1 3/30/22 11:44 AM
WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2022 11 C H A P T E R R E P O R T S FAO’s most recent State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture SOFIA 2022 shows that aquaculture´s production in the American continent (Americas in the document) reached 4.4 million t live weight for all species, representing a a 57 percent increase in the period 2010-2020. The continental statistic is divided into three categories: the major producer in the continent (Chile), North America’s production and the rest of the Latin America and the Caribbean Region. In this decade, Chile doubled its total production from 713 to 1,505 thousand t; North America reduced its total production to 620 thousand t and LACC increased 50 percent to reach 2,276 thousand t. Although the report does not disaggregate these statistics by enterprise level, the number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the LACC region is very high and has a very important socioeconomic impact. Moreover, their effect on food security and nutrition is very important, as demonstrated by several country reports. The 2030 SDGs clearly recognize how small-scale aquaculture producers are important to poverty eradication, food security, improved nutrition, economic security and access to financial services. In the region, FAO-LACC has proposed an additional production level, AREL (resource-limited aquaculturists) to include those very small aquaculturists, who basically produce for their own consumption and who always have a limitation in one of the production inputs that constraints their development. The International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture was in 2020. Small in scale, big in value calls for attention to the relevance of this sector, which usually faces power imbalances in value chains and markets and lack skills to improve their activities. Their relevance in agrifood systems, through short value chains, was evidenced by their resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the LACC region, with high poverty and food insecurity, we must work to empower SMEs to continue contributing to human well-being and the resilience of food systems. Against this background, the LACC will increase its efforts in facilitating discussion and analysis of SME relevance and paths for their sustainable development. Specifically, we will plan for special sessions in our forthcoming LACQUA 2023 in Panama, with regional experts and government representatives and organizations. This conference, in the Mesoamerican region of the American Continent, is the best location to call for action and strong support. We are also developing our LACC Strategic Plan for the next five years. Our mission, objectives and short-term goals must coincide with what our Society expects from aquaculture in the region, not only for providing food but for human well-being, resilient and sustainable food systems and socioeconomic development. The pandemic and subsequent fuel and financial crises have put millions of people in the region in a multidimensional poverty conditions. LACC will take a more proactive role in helping find a solution to this problem. We hope to see all of you in Panama City for LACQUA 2023. Please start planning now. — Francisco Javier Martinez Cordero, President Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Considering that feed cost represents 60 percent of the fish production cost, the main issue for insect meal to replace fishmeal is actually not feed quality but price. The price of insect meal is still too expensive, ranging from US$ 2000-5000/t, while fishmeal is about US$ 2000/t and soy protein at about US$ 350/t. The main issues in insect production can be summarized into production cost, legislative and regulatory void and animal welfare. The solutions will involve working with regulatory agencies, further upscaling the production and improving feed efficiency to decrease production costs. Today, insect meals are promising protein sources for aquaculture feed but the main question I hope to partially answer in the context of a Southeast Asian urban aquaponics farm is: does the sustainability benefits that insect meal offer, such as decreasing the pressure on the marine ecosystem, justify the increase in production complexity and higher price? This time, there is not much news regarding the activities of the APC but keep an eye on upcoming webinars. On behalf of the Board, I wish you great success in your aquaculture endeavors and assure you that we are all anxious to be in Singapore in late November and meet as many of you as possible. — Jean-Yves Mével, President animals, potentially improving the sustainability of fish feed production. Applied research and trials on the production of insect meal and its inclusion as a protein source in aquatic animal feed has been ongoing for over a decade. Examples are numerous, and for instance, as early as 1982, in Thailand, pig and fish farming were integrated with maggot production. Ten kilograms of wet pig manure produced approximately 1 kg of maggots, which were fed to catfish grown in cages. Unfortunately, results have been varied as insect meal presents very high nutritional variability. However, data indicate that insect meal is a viable option to replace fishmeal in fish feed. The amino acid profile of insect meal is suitable for fish, with higher indispensable amino acid content that other meals. Replacing fish meal with insect meal has no adverse effect on feed quality. For instance, trials conducted in Thailand in 2016 showed that the survival and growth of Letopenaeus vannamei larvae fed with insect meal was equivalent to that of larvae fed with a market shrimp diet containing fishmeal only. In short, insect meal increases sustainability of aquaculture production for similar feed quality and production. As i an Paci f ic, continued from page 4
12 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@was.org | www.was.org February 23-26, 2023 New Orleans Marriott New Orleans, Louisiana Aquaculture America Associate Sponsors World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association Aquacultural Engineering Society Aquaculture Association of Canada Global Seafood Alliance International Association of Aquaculture Economics and Management Latin American Chapter WAS • US Trout Farmers Association SPONSORED BY: WAS Premier Sponsors Food For The Future 2023 AA23 was ad CMYK.indd 1 4/25/22 10:01 AM
WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2022 13 about new ideas and how my own work related to a larger body of scientific work. It’s so easy to not have the context of this professional community that you are a part of — and our meetings are one of the best ways to gain that perspective. Second, while I’ve seen some very well-done virtual meetings, the math still works out for me that in-person meetings > virtual meetings. The presentations and posters can still work well when done virtually, but we miss those in-person interactions over coffee, at lunch or simply in the hallways. As good as the presentations can be, I have consistently found that I have always gotten more from those in-person interactions. It’s a chance to ask somebody who’s an expert in your field a question, face to face, or suggest an idea, or simply build new relationships. Third, the meeting includes an incredible trade show! Ranked as the largest aquaculture trade show, you will not want to miss it if you’ve never been. I make a point of visiting the vendors and seeing what new technology, supplies and equipment are available. U.S. Aquaculture Society With summer in the rearview mirror in the US, I’m excited to look forward to our upcoming meeting, Aquaculture America 2023, in New Orleans from 23-26 February 2023. Our meeting kicks off two days after Mardi Gras, and I know at least some of us will arrive a couple days before the conference to let the good times roll! Here I want to speak directly to students with this column. The USAS Chapter wants you to attend and (if you have completed research) present your work. As a Board member, I know from experience that a large part of the work that the Board does revolves around student awards, student support, student sub-units, student activities at meetings, and finding other ways to encourage students to become members of this scientific society. I believe that most members would say that the greatest benefit of being a member is attending the annual meetings — and this is maybe even more true if you’re a student! Why? First, I have seen some really informative, innovative oral presentations and posters at these meetings. I have had great discussions with the presenters, had my ideas challenged, and I’ve gone home excited C H A P T E R R E P O R T S Sinking to floating. Sub-millimeter to pellet. When you select an Extrusion Processing System from Extru-Tech, you have a complete Universe with the ability to maintain size yields over 95%. As your business evolves, you have the flexibility to change your finished product without the need for significant capital expenditures. In an industry where aquafeed can represent 50% of your operation cost, don’t gamble. Contact Extru-Tech and optimize your flexibility and profitability. OUR UNIVERSE EXTRU-TECH AQUAFEED UNIVERSE Sub 1 Millimeter Pellet Master Your Aquafeed Universe P.O. Box 8 100 Airport Road Sabetha, KS 66534, USA Phone: 785-284-2153 Fax: 785-284-3143 extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com www.extru-techinc.com ET-338F.indd 1 1/28/21 8:46 AM ( C O N T I N U E D O N P A G E 7 2 )
14 SEP TEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG wasMEGASPHE185x248jun14.pdf 1 6/14/22 1:25 PM
WWW.WA S .ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEP TEMBER 2022 15 In each issue of World Aquaculture, we highlight exciting papers from the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. In this issue we highlight the following paper “Treatment of effluents frommarine shrimp culture with biofloc technology: Production of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (cyanobacteria) and nutrient removal” by M. Holanda, C. Besold, F.L. Sempere, P.C. Abreu and L. Poersch. The article appears in the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, volume 53, issue 3, pages 669-680. It is available at: https:// doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12840 or under the Publications tab at the WAS website (www.was.org). Achieving a circular economy and true sustainability requires novel concepts in all forms of aquaculture. Highly valuable microalgae find application in many nutraceutical products as well as in aquaculture processes and feeds. Effluent from shrimp culture is a major source of nutrient loss from production systems. Even production of shrimp in highly productive biofloc systems loses nitrogenous wastes and phosphate accumulate in biofloc effluent. Recent Research Highlight from the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society High nutrient effluents can offer a suitable growth medium for economically valuable microalgae. The investigators grew the cyanobacteria Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis in raw and decanted biofloc effluent over 12 and 20 days respectively. There was rapid development of cyanobacterial biomass, faster than growth in a fertilizer medium and fastest in undiluted effluent. Nitrate values varied widely but showed uptake by the cyanobacteria, which also was able to remove 90 percent of phosphate from the effluent. The uptake of nutrients, in particular nitrogen, needs to be better understood in terms of ensuring availability of nutrients to biofloc, in particular, in the operating shrimp system. Nonetheless the results clearly indicate the value of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis for the recycling of nutrients in shrimp farming effluents, along with the production of a valuable secondary product. The full issue 53(3) is available at onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ toc/17497345/2022/53/3. —Kenneth Cain, Executive Editor, JWAS
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