68 DECEMBER 2022 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WA S .ORG dose-response study. Using lysine as a reference, other essential amino acids are calculated and expressed as a percentage of lysine, which is set at 100 percent. In this way, once the dietary lysine requirement for each fish species of commercial interest is defined, specific feeds for a particular fish species can be easily formulated. Moreover, there are a number of reasons for picking lysine as the reference amino acid. Lysine is the first limiting EAA in many protein sources and lysine-rich ingredients are often expensive. Therefore, accurate information of dietary lysine requirement is essential to prepare cost-effective aquafeed. Primarily lysine has only one major function in the body, which is for protein tissue deposition. Furthermore, its requirement is not altered by the other metabolic needs of the body. Again, the analysis of lysine in feed can be carried out without any analytical complications (Boisen 2003). Calculation of Essential Amino Acid (EAA) Requirement in Relation toDetermined Lysine Requirement andWhole Body EAA Composition For determination of essential amino acid requirement using the ideal protein concept, analysis of the whole body amino acid composition of target fish and the lysine requirement needs to be defined in a dose-dependent manner. Then the ratio between the amount of individual amino acid in the body (A) and the total of body essential amino acids, including cysteine and tyrosine (E) is estimated according to equation (1) Finally, the ideal essential amino acids requirement values of individual amino acid can be calculated according to equation (2). 1. A/E ratio = [(Individual EAA in body/total EAA in body) × 1000] 2. Amino acid requirement = (A/E ratio of individual EAA × determined lysine requirement)/(A/E ratio of lysine) Optimization of Dietary Protein through Ideal Protein Concept In general, the ideal protein concept is suitable as a guideline to establish an essential amino acid profile in formulating fish diets. However, dietary protein requirement with a balanced amino acid profile needs to be precisely adjusted to avoid any deficiencies. A balanced amino acid profile will be helpful to maximise the protein utilization and reduce feed costs by enhancing the deposition of amino acids. Eventually, it will minimize the catabolism of tissue protein through improving its utilization by reducing nitrogen waste in aquaculture (Wilson and Halver 1986). At higher dietary protein levels or higher protein:energy ratios, only some part of protein will be used to synthesis new tissues (protein), and rest will be catabolized to provide energy (NRC 2011). So, it is necessary to optimise dietary protein level through ideal protein concept by providing optimum quantity of balanced amino acid. Use of Ideal Protein Concept in Aquafeeds The ideal protein concept has been well adopted in the formulation of cost-effective artificial feeds for many fish (Righetti et al. 2011, Zhou et al. 2015, Nguyen et al. 2020). These studies were found to be more effective in order to reduce the dietary crude protein level. For example, Bomfim et al. (2008) have reported that the dietary crude protein level in Nile tilapia fingerlings can be reduced from 32 percent to 28 percent by using the ideal protein based feed formulation. In another study, Botaro et al. (2007) concluded that it is possible to reduce crude protein from 29.1 percent to 26.6 percent in the diet of Nile tilapia juveniles. Simultaneously, Furuya et al. (2005) have suggested the use of precision formulation of amino acid level based on the ideal protein concept can completely replace fishmeal with plantbased diet for Nile tilapia juveniles. Conclusion Use of the ideal protein concept in aquaculture is not only crucial for cost-effective animal growth and for the reduction of organic loading of an ecosystem and environmental pollution. This concept will also be helpful to avoid the problems of dose-dependent amino acid requirement studies. However, it is possible to reduce the dietary crude protein level through inclusion of the ideal protein concept in aquafeed. Attention is still required to gather more and more information about the amino acid requirements of different fish to prepare cost-effective quality fish feed without deteriorating the environment. Notes Manas Kumar Maiti and Chetan Kumar Garg, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India-400061. chetan.fishlove7736@ gmail.com References Boisen, S. 2003. 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