Global aquaculture of finfish has seen significant growth over the last decades, driven by static wild capture, increased consumer demand and expansion of global trade. Despite industrialization, consolidation and rapidly improving technologies, the aquaculture industry faces significant challenges to meet the sustainability criteria required for a healthy growth. There is a strong focus on animal welfare, food safety and environmental impact among authorities, consumers and the general public, and the increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance caused by use of antibiotics is a major concern to both animal- and human health.
A shift towards preventative fish health management is required to build a healthy and sustainable industry. Key factors are diagnostic tools, biosecurity, regulations, collaboration between stakeholders, introduction of vaccines and knowledge of fish health and welfare. A good example of successful preventative fish health management is salmonid farming in Norway, where more than 1.4 million tonnes are produced annually with minimal use of antibiotics. Vaccination is mandatory, and multivalent vaccines protecting against up to seven different pathogens are commonly used.
The most appropriate interventions depend on the level of intensification and industrialization. A large part of global aquaculture production is still done by small farms who supply local markets that do not necessarily recognize and reward environmentally sound and sustainable practices. When intensive monoculture evolves into industrialized production, introduction of advanced technology such as vaccines becomes feasible. Infrastructure, tools and procedures for husbandry and fish health management are then in place, and profit margins allow farmers to invest in new technologies. Among species being produced industrially today are salmonids, sea bass, sea bream, tilapia, pangasius, catfish, barramundi and groupers.
Important success factors when developing vaccines are knowing the species and having a proper understanding of the disease situation through appropriate diagnostics. The epidemiology is often complex and protection against several pathogens may be required in order to make a significant impact. Establishing good procedures for vaccination, such as health checks, proper equipment, training of personnel and quality control, is also key to ensure an optimal result and profitability.
We will present our experiences from fish health management and development and introduction of vaccines in established markets, and highlight challenges and success factors for emerging species.