The rapid growth of aquaculture has intensified the need for sustainable approaches to improve fish production, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology has emerged as a powerful and precise tool for targeted genetic modification in various aquatic species. This innovative system allows for the efficient manipulation of genes associated with economically important traits such as growth rate, feed efficiency, stress tolerance, and reproductive control. Recent studies have demonstrated the successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 in model and commercially important fish species, leading to enhanced productivity and resilience. Moreover, its versatility in gene knockout, knock-in, and functional genomics offers immense potential for developing genetically improved strains with minimal off-target effects. Despite its promise, the implementation of CRISPR-based technologies in aquaculture faces ethical, ecological, and regulatory challenges that must be addressed before large-scale adoption. This paper discusses the current advancements, methodological considerations, and future perspectives of CRISPR/Cas9 applications in fish breeding programs. The integration of this technology with conventional selective breeding and genomic selection could revolutionize aquaculture by ensuring food security, sustainability, and improved fish welfare.
Keywords: CRISPR/Cas9, Genome editing, Aquaculture, Fish breeding, Trait enhancement, Functional genomics, Sustainable aquaculture