Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha), an ecologically and culturally significant fish of India, is facing a sharp decline due to ecological degradation, hydrological alteration, and weak governance. This study assesses the socio-ecological vulnerabilities of small-scale Hilsa fisheries in West Bengal using Participatory Vulnerability Mapping (PVM) and the Socio-Ecological Vulnerability Index (SEVI). Data collected from 274 fishers across major Hilsa landing centres of West Bengal reveal that overfishing, pollution, climate variability, and institutional inefficiencies have severely reduced stocks and fishing income. Ecological stressors such as siltation, habitat loss, and disrupted migration routes are compounded by socio-economic constraints, including limited livelihood alternatives and weak access to financial and technical support.
The Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) illustrates the interlinked ecological, economic, and governance feedbacks driving vulnerability (Figure 1). Strategic actions addressing key challenges are outlined in Table 1. Adaptive strategies proposed include habitat restoration, strict enforcement of fishing bans and gear regulations, livelihood diversification, and co-management through fisher cooperatives. Strengthening adaptive capacity through training, gender-inclusive programs, and access to state support is critical for long-term sustainability. The findings underscore the urgent need for ecosystem-based management, community participation, and transboundary cooperation to safeguard Hilsa stocks and secure resilient livelihoods for dependent fishing communities.