Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges, and India is particularly vulnerable due to its extensive coastline, diverse ecosystems, and reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fisheries. Rising temperatures, unpredictable monsoons, sea-level rise, and ocean acidification are altering the structure and functioning of marine and freshwater ecosystems, affecting fish distribution, breeding patterns, and productivity. These changes threaten the livelihoods and food security of millions of fishers and coastal communities. To address these challenges, India has implemented a comprehensive suite of scientific and policy-driven measures to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change on its fisheries sector, integrating research, innovation, and governance. Under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), missions such as the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and the National Water Mission promote sustainable resource use and ecosystem resilience. Complementing these, the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) emphasizes sustainable fishing, habitat conservation, and climate-resilient aquaculture. Through the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project, ICAR–CMFRI has developed upscalable climate-resilient technologies and mitigation strategies. As part of this initiative, the carbon footprint of Indian marine fisheries was scientifically quantified, revealing that India’s marine fisheries emit 30% less carbon than the global average, with Indian trawlers showing 17.7% lower emissions due to improved energy efficiency and reduced fuel intensity. Comprehensive modeling approaches were conducted to assess the species environment interactions and fisheries sustainability in the Indian EEZ using species distribution models, surplus production models, and stock assessments, which identified sea surface temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and mixed layer depth as key drivers of climate-driven variability in commercial fisheries. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), combining cage farming of cobia with seaweed cultivation, has been promoted to enhance environmental sustainability and economic stability by increasing carbon sequestration, diversifying income, supporting livelihoods, and enabling carbon credit opportunities. Furthermore, under PMMSY’s Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages (CRCFV) program, approximately 112 coastal villages are being developed as climate-adaptive, economically sustainable hubs, with CMFRI promoting advanced mariculture technologies, including finfish cage culture, mussel and oyster farming, seaweed cultivation, and nutrient-enriched feeds, to strengthen livelihoods and community adaptive capacity. The Vulnerability Atlas of Marine Fisheries of India developed under NICRA provides a scientific framework for multi-hazard risk assessment across coastal districts using IPCC AR6 Climatic Impact-Drivers (CID). The atlas evaluates district-level exposure to cyclones, floods, heatwaves, sea-level rise, and shoreline changes, while also assessing fisher households’ vulnerability. The Multi-Hazard Index (MHI), a composite measure of coastal districts’ exposure to climate-induced physical hazards across India’s coastline, revealed significant spatial variability, ranging from 0.18 to 0.58, with Andhra Pradesh (0.58) exhibiting the highest vulnerability, while Goa (0.24) and Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra (0.18), showed the lowest hazard severity. By integrating scientific research, technological innovation, risk assessment, and policy implementation, India is advancing toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient, and sustainable fisheries sector that safeguards both ecosystems and livelihoods in the face of climate change.