VOLUME 44, NUMBER 2 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY JUNE2013 Integrated Rice-Prawn Culture in Brazil W RLD AQUACULTURE
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WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2013 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2013-2014 Dr. Michael Schwarz, President Dr. Graham Mair, President-Elect Dr. Kevan Main, Past President Dr. Rebecca Lochmann, Secretary Dr. William Daniels, Treasurer DIRECTORS Dr. Jimmy Avery Dr. Juan Pablo Lazo Dr. Luís André Sampaio Dr. Sandra E. Shumway Dr. Francisco Gomes Mr. Roy Palmer CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Lukas Manomaitis, Asian Pacific Kevin Hopkins, USAS Antonio Garza de Yta, Latin America and Caribbean Ik-Kyo Chung, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. E-mail: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves01@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2013, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 44 NO. 2 JUNE 2013 Cover: Harvest of Amazon river prawns from an integrated rice-prawn research plot in Brazil. Photo: M.V. Boock. 18 Aridland Aquaculture Event Breaks Drought Roy Palmer 19 Aquaculture 2013 in Nashville John Hargreaves 20 Two Years After: Post-Tsunami Recovery of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Northeastern Japan Michelle L. Walsh and Katsuma Hanafusa 26 Greenwater Aquaculture: the Largest Aquaculture Sector in the World Amir Neori 32 Growing Amazon River Prawns in Rice Fields in Brazil Marcello Villar Boock, Helcio L. A. Marques, Helenice P. Barros, Margarete Mallasen, Michélle Roberta dos Santos and Patricia Moraes-Valenti 36 The Potential of Freshwater Crayfish Culture in Greece Panagiotis A. Pantazis 40 The Effect of Temperature on Acartia grani Hatching Rates Bernardo Sumares, Natacha Nogueira, Maria Emília Cunha 45 The Black-Lip Pearl Oyster Hatchery at the College of the Marshall Islands Gulnihal Ozbay, Anthony Jackson and Tabwi Aini 50 A Survey of Parasites of Wild Rohu in Trimmu Headworks, Pakistan Muhammad Ashraf and Asma Zafar 55 Modern Sterlet Acipenser ruthenus Broodstock Management in Southern Russia E.N. Ponomareva and M.M. Belaya 60 Maintaining a High Level of Health Protection from Chemical Residues and Contaminants: a Regulatory Perspective Ivan Bartolo 64 Effect of a Probiotic and Herbal Additives on Growth, Survival and Disease Resistance of Striped Murrel M.A. Haniffa, B. Kavitha Bharathi, I. Viji Margaret and Bilal Ahmad Paray (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2) ˘
2 JUNE 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG President’s Column Although it seems like only yesterday, two months have passed since I had the honor of taking over the presidency of our society at the annual WAS business meeting in Nashville this past February; and there are only 14 months remaining. I would like to begin by wholeheartedly thanking the WAS membership for placing their trust in my abilities to guide the Society through this next term. I pledge to do my utmost to move our society proactively forward with hard work, honesty, integrity, transparency, and inclusivity towards enhanced global representation and service to our membership. Although my main function as president is leadership and representation of the Society, the hard work in the trenches is actually carried out by the WAS Officers and Directors (see magazine masthead for current list – Ed.), the Home Office staff, Executive Director John Cooksey and his staff, WAS Past-Presidents and Fellows as ambassadors, our country and regional chapters, and many other members committed to service in the society. I also wish to recognize our outgoing PastPresident (Ricardo Martino) and outgoing Board Directors Yoram Avnimelech and David Little for their kind and dedicated service and commitment to the Society and their continued service this year on standing committees. Following the untimely passing of our dear friend and colleague M.C. Nandeesha, the WAS Special Elections Subcommittee (chaired by Ricardo Martino) has just completed special election, with Graham Mair emerging as our new 2013-2014 President-Elect. I look forward to working closely with Graham in the coming year and wholeheartedly thank Marco Saroglia for offering to run as well. Like Graham, Marco is deeply dedicated in service to WAS and we look forward to working with Marco for many more years to come. The WAS Elections Committee will soon begin the lengthy process of developing the ballot for the 2014-2015 WAS Officers and Board Members. Part of this process includes emails to the general membership soliciting names for consideration by the Elections Committee for these positions. Herein lies a significant opportunity for WAS members from all regions and countries of the world to stand, offer to serve the society, and represent their regions and interests. I urge everyone to consider serving or nominating others to serve the Society. Upon the conclusion of Kevan Main’s presidency in Nashville, I was fortunate to receive the Society in sound financial standing, (CONTINUED ON PAGE 9) Contents (continued) TABLE 1. WAS membership trend. Meeting Nashville, February 2013 Prague, August 2012 Natal, May 2011 Active Members 2054 1900 1808 Types Associate Editors 34 33 36 Corporate 66 72 64 E-Member 43 33 42 Honorary Life 26 24 25 Individual 1452 1366 1307 Lifetime 57 56 282 Student 344 286 255 Sustaining 32 30 26 Society 2 President’s Column 3 Editor’s Note 4 USAS President’s Report 4 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter President’s Report 5 Korean Chapter President’s Report 6 Asian Pacific Chapter President’s Report 7 Book Review 11 In Memoriam 14 Student Awards at Aquaculture 2013 16 Honorary Life Award 70 Calendar 72 Advertisers’ Index 72 Membership Application
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2013 3 Editor’s Note On May 25, a “March Against Monsanto” protest drew more than 2 million participants in 52 countries and 436 cities. The protestors assembled in opposition to seed giant Monsanto and the lack of mandatory labeling of genetically modified foods. The march was ignited by a Facebook page put up in late February that went viral, ultimately leading to the global protest. The occurrence of this event made me ponder the implications of the protestors’ concerns and perceptions for aquaculture. Opposition to genetically modified (GM) crops encompasses a broad range of concerns, including human health and environmental risks, intellectual property protection and patent law, food labeling, world hunger, the global trade in commodity grains, the relationship between corporations and government and inequities associated with accrual of benefits, among others. Opponents claim that GM crops can cause problems with human health and are harmful to the environment. This perception persists despite numerous studies, including those prepared by the US National Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the European Commission. Those studies conclude that the risks of GM crops to human health and the environment are minimal, especially in light of the potential benefits (e.g. golden rice). Opponents want mandatory labeling of foods that contain GM crops so consumers can make presumably informed purchasing decisions. Most of the soybeans and corn in aquafeeds are derived from GM seeds, at least in the US. Does this mean that aquafeeds containing GM grain meals should be labeled? Should aquaculture seafood produced with feeds made with GM grain meals be labeled as such? How would such labels affect consumer purchasing decisions? Although not explicit, a GM label seems to imply some kind of health or safety warning, where no such warning appears warranted. Thus far, there are no genetically modified aquatic animals produced in aquaculture. One company – AquaBounty – has been trying to win approval for GM salmon for more than a decade. The potential benefit of GM animals in aquaculture to producers and consumers is considerable in terms of increased disease resistance, improved culture performance, and increased nutritional benefits of the product. However, consumers are wary of GM foods, even though many common processed foods already contain ingredients that are derived from GM crop seeds. Despite concerns (real or perceived) about GM crops, engineering genetic change using modern molecular methods should be seen in historical context as just the latest effort to manipulate the genome of formerly wild plants and animals for human benefit. It is just one of many tools available. The value of genetic improvement is beyond dispute. In aquaculture, using mostly traditional breeding methods, improved varieties of penaeid shrimp, Atlantic salmon and tilapia have been critical components of the global expansion in aquaculture production of these species. However, especially in developing countries, realizing the full potential of genetically improved aquatic animals, whether developed using traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering, is often constrained by production inputs such as fertilizers and feeds. One of the other objections to GM crops is related to the near monopoly that a large company such as Monsanto has over GM grain seeds. Traditionally farmers have always saved seeds from one crop to the next. With the advent of hybrid seed production and more recently with GM seeds, farmers who choose to do use these seeds become dependent on specialized seed producers. In aquaculture, there is no equivalent to Monsanto in the value chain. Seed provision in aquaculture is decidedly not corporate, being a diffuse, speciesspecific and generally low-tech activity. Part of the Monsanto protest is based on what is seen as the cozy relationship between Big Ag and Big Government. Protestors describe some recent legislation banning courts from halting the sale of GMO seeds as the “Monsanto Protection Act.” There has been a revolving door between Monsanto and FDA, the US federal agency charged with regulating activities of companies like Monsanto, representing what is perceived as a clear conflict of interest. Monsanto, like many large corporations in the US, receives generous government subsidies and favorable treatment. Because of the nature of this relationship, it becomes difficult to separate the potential benefits of GM crops with the negative consequences of monopolistic control over seed production, abetted by compliant government regulators and favorable government policies. The idea of awarding patent rights on seeds and other genetic resources is objectionable to many who support traditional practices of seed saving and sharing in agriculture. Nonetheless it is easy to see why private companies that invest in genetic improvement programs want to develop an economically sustainable business model that requires protection of intellectual property, at least for a reasonable time following introduction. Furthermore, the litigious nature of the opposition means that only large companies with deep pockets can absorb the business risks associated with developing GM crops. It is clear that the availability of land, water and energy resources for aquaculture, indeed for all of agriculture, will become increasingly limited, requiring an intensification of production. The role of GM crops in feeding nine billion people in the future is an open question. Given the clearly visible challenges that lie before us, it would seem foolish to close off any option before potential benefits and risks can be assessed. Whether or not you agree with the Monsanto protestors, it is clear that their views represent perceptions that may extend to GM seafood produced in aquaculture. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Implications of the “March Against Monsanto” for Aquaculture
4 JUNE 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Although some may consider the expression of appreciation to outgoing officers to be de rigueur, I do sincerely express my appreciation and admiration to both outgoing and continuing officers for their work. USAS is financially strong, has well-designed operational procedures and a committed membership. My appreciation extends to the highly competent staff at WAS. It is highly recommended to occasionally review the reason for our chapter’s existence. According to our bylaws, “the mission of the Chapter shall be to provide a national forum for the exchange of timely information within the U.S. aquaculture community through workshops, meetings, educational programs, and publications.” We are all familiar with the extensive exchange of technical information via our meetings and publications. But our exchange of education must extend past technology and our definition of the aquaculture community must be broad enough to include all who have an interest and are impacted by aquaculture. U.S. Aquaculture Society I would like to discuss three issues of major concern to me and many others in our society. Government’s role in aquaculture I was particularly pleased to read the op-ed from Max Holtzman, Senior Advisor to the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, in which he acknowledged that aquaculture has a critical role to play in meeting the 60-70 percent increase in demand for food supplies that will occur if current population trends and food habits continue. According to him, “There must be an understanding and acceptance that start-up of an aquaculture operation is treated no differently than any other beginning agriculture enterprise” and “second, multidisciplinary research in aquaculture should be expanded to improve production efficiency, economic viability and long-term sustainability through new transformational advances in genetics, nutrition, health and technology.” Latin American and Caribbean Chapter The Latin American and Caribbean region has a vast aquaculture potential and it is time that it lives up to expectations. To fully develop this potential, we must face important challenges. Today, the aquaculture sector in Latin America is fractured; communication between academia and the production sector is not active. With few exceptions, there is no cohesion among producers. Professionals in the region have not been team players and, when they have associated, it has been mainly for political reasons. The paternalist mentality of the region, where governments are expected to be the engines of the agriculture sector, generates a lack of an entrepreneurial vision. Development programs have been based on subsidies that actually hinder progress instead of encouraging productivity. Although I am conscious that the World Aquaculture Society, specifically the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter, cannot solve all these issues, I am sure it can make important contributions to strengthen aquaculture activity in the region. We need to integrate academia and producers, creating a bidirectional flow of information. It is a fact that most scientific information is written in English, which means that information is available to producers in a fractured and generally deficient way. Producers cannot access information directly because they do not speak the language. Although we cannot translate all scientific information in aquaculture, we can start translating selected information to Spanish and Portuguese, the main languages of the region. We need to foment the importance of regional languages and therefore the LACC webpage will soon be available in Spanish, Portuguese and English. One of our main goals is to start publishing World Aquaculture magazine in Spanish, electronically at first, so LACC members start looking at it as a trustworthy source of information. We want to become a forum where producers can express their needs and concerns and these are taken into consideration by scientists and decision makers. If the real needs of commercial aquaculture are exposed, it will be easier to focus research into areas of real impact. In addition, knowing the needs of producers and academia, decision-makers will be better informed in choosing particular development, investment and/ or research programs to fund. Our first solid step in achieving this goal was receiving an invitation to participate as observers of the RAA (Red Acuíocola de las Americas/Americas Aquaculture Network) meeting organized by FAO and regional government decision-makers to be held this July in the Dominican Republic. We are looking forward to maximizing this opportunity. The promotion of the Latin American and the Caribbean Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society is without a doubt one of our highest short-term priorities. The easiest and most direct way of promoting and consolidating the LACC is through our regional events that, starting this year, will be denoted as LACQUA. LACQUA 13 will be held in Villavicencio, Colombia from the 8-11 October. Different LACQUA events will have Spanish and/or Portuguese as official languages to encourage the participation and integration of producers in the region. Nonetheless, to encourage contributions from experts beyond the region, simultaneous translation to English will be provided for specific presentations. Another way to promote participation within the LACC is to offer innovative services to specific categories of members, such as (CONTINUED ON PAGE 5) (CONTINUED ON PAGE 8) CHAPTER REPORTS
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2013 5 Korean Chapter The Asian Fisheries Society and The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science (KOSFAS) organized The 10th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (10AFAF) and the 4th International Symposium on Cage Aquaculture in Asia (CAA4) was held from April 30 – May 4 at The Ocean Resort Hotel, Yeosu, Korea under the theme of “Blue Waters and Green Fisheries.” About 500 delegates from 27 countries participated in these events. KOSFAS and the Korean Chapter of WAS co-sponsored the First Korea, China, and Japan Joint Symposium on Aquaculture. The symposium was held in conjunction with the 10AFAF and CAA4 on April 30. The symposium was facilitated by three bilateral agreements established in 2012 between the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science (JSFS) and KOSFAS, JSFS and the China Society of Fisheries (CSF), and KOSFAS and CSF. The joint symposium was opened by Prof. Sungchul Bai (President, KOSFAS), Prof. Shuolin Huang (Administrative Director, CSF) and Prof. Shugo Watabe (President, JSFS). The first session was ‘Current Status of Aquaculture in the northeastern Asian waters (NEAW).’ Dr. Liping Liu (Shanghai Ocean University, China) presented ‘Recent trends in Chinese farmed seafood production and international trade and future prospects,’ Dr. Atsushi Hagiwara (Nagasaki University, Japan) presented ‘Present status and perspective of aquaculture in Japan’ and Prof. Sungchul Bai (Pukyong National University, Korea) presented ‘Current status and future vision in Korean aquaculture.’ In the second session, ‘Novel technologies in aquaculture in the NEAW,’ Dr. Takashi Sakamoto (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan) presented ‘Marker-assisted selection for disease resistance in aquaculture: Strategies and applications’, Dr. Woo-Seok Gwak (Gyeongsang National University, Korea) presented ‘Applications of genome research on fisheries and aquaculture’, Dr. Wenhui Wu (Shanghai Ocean University, China) presented ‘The current situation of bioactive compounds from aquaculture processing byproducts in China,’ and Dr. XinZhong Wu (Zhejiang University, China) presented ‘A review on major diseases of oysters under culture and new progress of disease as well as the current situation of oyster culture in China’ At the last session, ‘Economic aspects of aquaculture in the NEAW,’ Dr. Jongoh Nam (Korea Maritime Institute, Korea) presented ‘The Economic aspects of abalone aquaculture in Korea’ and Dr. Minoru Tada (Kinki University, Japan) presented ‘International competitiveness of major farmed fish in Japan.’ The first business meeting of KOSFAS, CSF and JSFS was held before the symposium and all agreed to have the second joint symposium in China hosted by CSF next year. The third symposium will be hosted by JSFS in Japan in 2015. The meeting recommended that the next symposium may exclude aquaculture issues. The annual business meeting of the Korean Chapter was held on May 3 during the 10 AFAF and CAA4. The Korean Chapter General Assembly elected Prof. Kwang-Sik Choi (Jeju National University) as President-Elect. Prof. Choi was recommended by the election committee chaired by Prof. Sungchul C. Bai (Pukyong National University) and nominated by the Board of Directors. Two new Directors were elected to the Board: Prof. Han-Kyu Lim (Mokpo National University) and Dr. Sung-Yong Oh (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) and each will serve a term of four years from 2014 to 2017. The Korean Chapter had a promotional booth during the 10AFAF and CAA4. During the exhibition, the chapter grew with new members from Jeju: Mr. Geun-Su Jang (Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Fisheries Policy Division), Mr. Jae Sig Kim (Jeju Fish Culture Fisheries Cooperatives) and Mr. Yong Ok Han (Jeju Flounder Co., Ltd.). The new members also participated in promotion of World Aquaculture2015. — Ik Kyo Chung, President ABOVE: Participants of the First Korea, China and Japan Joint Symposium on Aquaculture. Latin American and Caribbean Chapter, continued from page 4 producers, researchers, service providers or students. By next year the website should be include job and scholarship opportunities and a message board for producers to offer products. With these services we hope to attract members from different areas of the world to get involved with what is happening in Latin America and the Caribbean. Aquaculture will grow at an accelerated pace in the Latin America and the Caribbean region in the near future. Regardless of nationality, you might want to get involved. If you are interested in participating and collaborating in any way or would like to become a LACC Country Ambassador, please do not hesitate to send me an email. At the LACC, we are looking forward to work with every aquaculture enthusiast. See you in Colombia at LACQUA13. — Antonio Garza de Yta, President CHAPTER REPORTS
6 JUNE 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Asian Pacific Chapter I am beginning to finally see the end of my term as president of our chapter and it reminds me to remind you that elections will be coming up soon. New APC board members are needed to replace quite a few of our current board members, whose terms will end after our upcoming Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2013 event to be held in Ho Chi Minh City this December. If you have an interest in volunteering your time to better international aquaculture, please nominate yourself or have someone nominate you by sending a message to apcwas@was.org. If you are a dynamic person, we are a dynamic chapter. Join us! Starting in December, after APA2013, our chapter will be led by Dr. Amrit Bart, Director of the Asian Institute of Technology in Vietnam, a very good friend of mine and someone with a long-time involvement with Asian and international aquaculture. In fact, the process of shifting responsibilities to Amrit began at the WAS conference in Nashville this past February, when our chapter brought both of us to the event so Amrit could begin to learn about WAS Board meetings. (Chapter presidents serve on the general WAS board). It was a timely decision because I had to rush back to Bangkok after the first day; my second child simply could not wait one more moment before leaving her aquatic environment. Luckily we had a plan and I have an understanding wife! Hopefully everyone has been paying attention to the fact that the APC is trying new things to make membership in WAS and APC more relevant. This past March we held the first of what we hope will be many such events, the Arid Land Aquaculture 2013 Symposium and Workshops (ALA2013). The idea of symposia is to bring a more targeted focus to specific regions and specific topics, something that our annual regional WAS meetings cannot do. The idea is to create several smaller events, between 100-300 people, that will be held more often to allow our members to gain knowledge and network in their region. The ALA2013 event was the first time we have done such an event and, athough it was quite a lot of work (here I give specific thanks to the Steering Committee and especially the Program Chair, Dr. Imad Saoud), it was very successful. Participants expressed their interest in seeing this type of event again. We would like to sincerely thank the conference host, United Arab Emirates University, and the sponsors, Pentair/ Aquatic Eco-Systems and Blue Aqua, all of whom were critical in making this event a success. From our Steering Committee standpoint, we learned how much work Executive Director of WAS John Cooksey does in preparing for conferences and meetings. So, if you enjoy the annual WAS conferences, be sure to thank him and his team! Speaking of organizing events, we have a new position in our chapter, the APC Events Manager. Roy Palmer, who is also our immediate Past-President, was chosen from several candidates to be the point person for future APC events, like the recent symposia and workshops. If you have ideas of places and worthwhile topics for a symposium supported by APC, or would like to sponsor such an event, please contact Roy through our chapter email. For future events, APC is a sponsor of the Biofloc Technology Course which will be held from 27-28 September in Singapore. This course is being organized by Venture Farms and Temasek Polytechnic, and the event planning is being led by Mr. Jimmy Lim, who is also one of the APC Executive Advisory Council (EAC) members for the Southeast Asian region. Plans are ongoing for a High Value Marine Finfish Aquaculture Symposium in cooperation with Professor Koshio Shunsuke (who is the APC-EAC representative from Japan) and Kagoshima Fisheries University. This event will be in conjunction with the Kagoshima Sushi Festival on 16 October 2013 and a highlight will be ‘Aquaculture Sushi 101,’ a half-day workshop to highlight aquaculture’s link to sushi. The next two days will be for a symposium and field trips. This symposium is also in recognition of the importance of the recent merger between the APC and Japan Chapters. The Japan event will be a precursor to the Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2013 (APA2013) meeting in Ho Chi Minh City from 10-13 December - “Positioning for Profit.” I hope chapter members have been submitting abstracts; if not, please do so immediately. For this event we also plan two associated events: • ADIOS — Aquatic Disease Incident Outbreak Simulation. When the aquaculture industry has an aquatic disease, usually there is very little done to prevent its spread. Think of KHV in Indonesia, or perhaps even more relevant the recent AHPNS spread through the shrimp industry. This one-day event prior to APA2013 will build on LEFT: Visiting the largest cage grouper producer in Cambodia.RIGHT: Part of the Steering Committee for the Arid Land Aquaculture 2013 Symposium and Workshops in Al Ain, UAE March 24-27, 2013. From left – Lukas Manomaitis (APC President), Jean-Yves Mevel (APC UAE Country Ambassador), Roy Palmer (APC Past President), Imad Saoud (APC Executive Advisory Council – Middle East Region). (CONTINUED ON PAGE 8) CHAPTER REPORTS
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2013 7 Aquaculture Production Systems, edited by James Tidwell, brings together many of the current globally-recognized experts in different production systems. Although the authors are predominantly U.S. experts, they have global expertise in their field of knowledge and are well known. The book begins by discussing the role aquaculture in the context of global seafood demand followed by a history of aquaculture, including histories of the development of some of the major cultured species, by Robert Stickney, who has published extensively on the U.S. history of aquaculture, and Granville Treece. The book then discusses the general functions and characteristics of systems before getting into specific types of aquaculture production systems. The book covers all the basic shellfish and finfish production systems but does not include anything on plant production with the exception of aquaponics. The emphasis is on systems, not species, and understanding each one. Species and characteristics of species appropriate for each system are included in the context of systems. As such, persons interested in the culture of particular species will need to seek other resources. Discussion of specific production systems begins with open systems, which includes bivalve culture, cages, and reservoir ranching. The chapter on shellfish culture by Robert Rheault includes history, biology and basic culture methods. Michael Masser begins the topic of cage culture focusing on freshwater and protected marine areas and is followed by Richard Langan on open ocean cage culture. While both chapters on cage culture discuss site selection, a more thorough discussion with examples would be beneficial, along with more information on cage construction, which is discussed in greater detail under open ocean culture, where it becomes extremely critical. Given the diversity of cages in freshwater and marine environments, examples of these from around the world would add to a better understanding of cage culture, especially since it is a growing industry. Reservoir ranching by Steve Mims and Richard Onders briefly covers the basics and includes the status in China, U.S. and Africa. Chapters on semi-closed systems include raceways and ponds. The topic of raceways focuses on the traditional flowthrough raceways used traditionally for trout and is covered by Gary Fornshell and Jeff Hinshaw, who both work closely with the U.S. trout industry. Jim Tidwell also contributes to the topic. The basics of raceways are covered including calculating indices and carrying capacity and waste management to limit effluents. The chapter on ponds is covered by Craig Tucker and John Hargreaves, who have both worked extensively with the U.S. catfish industry. Interesting aspects of the pond chapter are the sections on water usage by species and pond culture and ecological services, which are areas of key expertise of the authors. This is one of the longest chapters and gives the most extensive coverage of water quality, Book Review Aquaculture Production Systems, edited by J.H. Tidwell William Daniels not surprising given the publication history on these topics by the authors. Closed systems cover recirculating systems (biofilter-based) and biofloc systems. James Ebeling and Michael Timmons discuss the ‘ins and outs’ of recirculating indoor tank systems, including basic components and engineering aspects. It is heavy on the engineering, covering most areas, but excludes discussion on disinfection. Biofloc systems are covered by Craig Browdy, Andrew Ray, John Leffler and Yoram Avnimelech. Yoram has published the most extensively of the four authors and has two editions of his book on biofloc technology. Biofloc has been a hot topic lately and this chapter provides a nice overview of the water quality and natural food dynamics associated with this system. Three of the last four chapters cover the subject of hybrid systems, including aquaponics, in-pond raceways and partitioned aquaculture systems. Partitioned aquaculture systems (PAS) are discussed by David Brune, Craig Tucker, Mike Massingill and Jesse Chappell. Dr. Brune developed the prototype of this system at Clemson University which has subsequently led to development of the Mississippi “split pond”, the Alabama “in-pond raceway”, and the California “pondway.” The concept of PAS and its specific applications are discussed, including the dynamics of fish and algal production. The discussion of algal harvest is particularly interesting especially in the potential application to biofuels. Overviews of the split pond, in-pond raceways and pondways are also provided. The basics of airlift-driven in-pond raceways are further discussed in a stand-alone chapter by Michael Masser. These systems continue to be refined and it has been interesting to watch first hand as these develop. Unfortunately the latest developments will have to be included in the next edition. James Rakocy, well-known for his work in the Virgin Islands, covers the topic of aquaponics, which integrates fish and plant culture. He covers the basics of the fish component as well as plant requirements and system design. While these systems have similarities to recirculating systems, he explains the unique differences relative to good plant production. The final chapter by Jim Tidwell titled ‘On the Drawing Board’ discusses future trends relative to such subjects as fish meal and fish oil supplies, climate change, carbon dioxide remediation, production intensification and other unique uses of aquaculture for both food and non-food items. As someone who has been involved in aquaculture production around the world since the late 1970s and teaching aquaculture in the college classroom for the last ten years, I find Aquaculture Production Systems to be a unique approach to exploring aquaculture and it will be a good reference source for teachers and those who want to learn more about aquaculture and the different approaches to producing aquatic animals. Like most (CONTINUED ON PAGE 9)
8 JUNE 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG US Aquaculture Society, continued from page 4 the Seafood Health Scare Simulation that was held in Melbourne (at AA2012) and the objective is to focus planner’s minds on how to prevent the uncontrolled transfer of aquatic diseases locally, nationally and internationally. • AquaEd — For over 10 years this has been a regular feature of the AustralAsian APC meetings, where educators discuss how to promote aquaculture as a viable career path and the educational needs that are required to facilitate this. Australia has a comprehensive system of education and certification levels to address this, and now we believe it is time to expand focus on stimulating interest in going into aquaculture as a career more broadly at this two-day event that will be held after the APA2013 meeting. Future yearly conferences for the APC are the World Aquaculture 2014 (WA2014) meeting in Adelaide on 7-11 June 2014 — “Create, Nurture, Grow”, the joint WAS, APC and Korea Chapter WA2015 event in Jeju, Korea in May 2015 and a planned event in Asian Pacific Chapter, continued from page 6 Guangzhou in 2016 (APA2016). We are always looking for more volunteers for our chapter. There is much more that could be done but, as volunteers, the APC Board can only devote so much time. Therefore, if you have an interest in becoming more active and want to expand your contact network, please contact us via our email and tell us of your interest to help the aquaculture industry improve. If you are in the Asian region and not yet a member of the WAS or APC Chapter please contact us via our email and be sure to visit our website (www.was.org/APC). We know that processing the actual payment for WAS and APC membership can be difficult for some to accomplish. If that is the case, please contact your APC CA or EAC representative who may be able to take a cash payment and process the membership for you with the WAS Home Office. I am looking forward to an eventful and an exciting second half of 2013 for WAS and the APC Chapter! — Lukas Manomaitis, President In my opinion, starting points for implementing these policies should be a recognition that governments’ regulatory apparatus should be focused on whether or not there are impacts outside the farm (not micromanagement of farms) and in the case of research, the overzealous, some might say blind, application of the precautionary principle must be tempered by the recognition that, in many cases, adaptive management (i.e. management based in part on large-scale experimentation) is the only way we can obtain the data needed to make rational decisions. Perhaps comments to NOAA regarding its Five Year R&D Plan might move us forward. Aquaculture Education Infrastructure Although aquaculture must expand to meet increasing demand, aquaculture programs at our colleges and universities are facing enormous pressures to cut costs. Unfortunately many of those responsible for implementing those cuts do not seem to understand the breadth of aquaculture nor the need for hands-on experience. So these cuts are having a major impact on many academic and research programs. Although we could wring our hands and complain, that will not change our reality. Thus, we need to rethink what needs to be taught, the best way to teach it, and how programs can be more efficient. I see USAS having a continuing role in delineating what needs to be taught (and efforts are underway in this area). The how is going to require aquaculture educators to take a hard look in the mirror and ask how much on-campus education is necessary and how much can be moved on-line. Some universities, Kentucky State and Auburn are good examples, have embraced a combination of both on-line and on-campus courses. That is probably our future. Another question is whether individual institutions will have the depth of expertise to cover the entire range of aquaculture. The answer is probably no. Collaborative programs building upon the expertise of multiple institutions will be required. A proposal to be submitted to USDA’s Higher Education Challenge Grant Program will hopefully start this transformation. Opposition to Aquaculture I have recently been defending aquaculture from attacks by organizations and individuals who, because they claim to be protecting the environment (oceans), are presumed to be operating from a higher moral position than commercial aquaculture and its supporters (i.e. us). I disagree so strongly that I recently gave a presentation entitled “Is opposition to aquaculture immoral?” I conclude that, in many cases, a general opposition to aquaculture is immoral because it violates three commonly accepted principles of personal and social ethics: honesty, autonomy (i.e. allowing rational people to make their own informed choices) and non-maleficence (i.e. do no harm to yourself or others). Obviously those who lie and distort information about their motives and aquaculture’s effects are violating the principles of honesty and autonomy. Shining the light of truth on them is the best defense. Of the three principles, I am most concerned about non-maleficence. Aquaculture must expand over the next several decades. Whether that expansion occurs in the USA or other countries will depend on whether the USA accepts responsibility to produce its own fishery products. Alternately the USA will continue to eat a large share of fish from elsewhere in the world and thus “export” the external impacts of aquaculture to other, usually poor countries that often have less stringent environmental protections. “Not in my backyard” is immoral. These are strong words, but the USA has a moral obligation to produce its own fishery products because it can do so sustainably. The USAS must be at the forefront in pointing this out. — Kevin Hopkins, President CHAPTER REPORTS
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2013 9 with total assets in excess of $400,000, and a well-balanced annual operating budget. The membership trend within WAS continues to be strong (Table 1). One of our main initiatives this year is engagement on numerous fronts towards increasing membership and activity in traditionally under-represented regions of the world, with special emphasis in India and Southeast Asia. This will be achieved through programming initiatives implemented by WAS chapters and new and enhanced programming and activities within the WAS Affiliations, Promotion and Membership, and Electronic Networking Committees. Beyond simply increasing global membership, an important aspect is new programming that will be oriented towards retaining members through enhanced outreach, interaction, participation, and representation. We have established a one-year ad-hoc subcommittee within the WAS Elections Committee. The charges for this subcommittee are 1) updating the Election Committee’s Policies and Procedures to address procedural limitations recently encountered and 2) improving the transparency of the committee’s policies and procedures and increasing the geographic diversity of WAS leadership and board representation. To enhance global representation in WAS leadership, we can only achieve so much with policies and procedures. Leadership and WAS representation is traditionally drawn from members who have actively engaged in prior service to the Society and demonstrated capacity, intent, and commitment. To this end, I encourage everyone to engage and participate in the activities of the chapters and parent society to the extent possible and encourage your professional friends and colleagues to do the same. If you have an interest in serving or have questions, comments and suggestions for the WAS leadership, I urge you to reach out and let us know. As we are a member-driven society, the more input and engagement we have from the membership, the more we can represent and provide the services and support our membership expects. Another initiative underway is the development of a chapter and parent society Information Officers program. This program is envisioned to become a significant benefit of WAS membership. While currently under conceptual development, the idea is to provide dynamic communication and information dissemination within and among chapters and the parent society, and to do so in a timely and dynamic fashion. The Electronic Networking Committee (origin of the initiative) has been delegated with the responsibility of developing a proposal that details costs, objectives, and anticipated outcomes to the membership. This proposal will be presented to the Board of Directors at the mid-year board meeting for consideration. Speaking of meetings, the triennial Aquaculture 2012 meeting this past February in Nashville was a tremendous success. There were almost 2,500 attendees and a fully-booked trade show with excellent reports from vendors about the venue, booth traffic, and business they were able to conduct. In this regard, congratulations for a job well done to the Cooksey’s, Mario Stahl, the Home Office staff, the Conference Steering and Program Committees, and all the other critically important groups and individuals required to organize and implement such a large and more importantly successful conference! There was also a very important and new approach to giving value to being a member of WAS in March. The Asian Pacific Chapter of WAS organized a two-day symposium on Arid Land Aquaculture in the United Arab Emirates, followed by a two day workshop on RAS and aquaponics. This was an ambitious and novel undertaking by the APC and by all reports the meeting went very well. The idea of holding smaller, targeted events and symposia is meant to generate more interest in specific geographic areas and on specific topics that are not typically addressed by other WAS events. The next planned APC event is a symposium on High Value Marine Fish Aquaculture that will be held this October in Kagoshima, Japan. As for the Arid Land Aquaculture event, interest was expressed to do this again in the Middle East by the participants and there has also been interest expressed by the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter to conduct such a meeting in northern Mexico. As the planning for these moves ahead we will keep you updated. There are numerous scheduled meetings on the agenda through 2014 so be sure to review your 2013-2014 travel agendas and make room for these venues to attend if you are able. Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2013 will also serve as the occasion for the mid-year WAS Board meeting. Once again I want to urge everyone in the Society to let the Officers and Directors know how we are doing and what else we can or should be doing to serve your needs better. You, the membership, elected us to these positions to listen and serve as best able, so let us know if there are new activities or initiatives you would like to see the Society undertake, and anything else that would make the Society of increased benefit to you. Also, look for forthcoming announcements soliciting nominations to the WAS 2014-2015 Elections Ballot. Please engage the parent society and its chapters, and help us serve our membership, society, and industry at large. — Michael Schwarz, President President’s Column, continued from page 2 aquaculture books, it is not a stand-alone resource but will be an important resource for any aquaculture specialist or student. It is easy to follow with many good references for additional reading. My personal preference would have been to have more species examples within each system chapter and to have included production capacities for each system based on species and Book Review, continued from page 7 management practices. Personal preferences aside, I recommend it to aquaculture enthusiasts and those who have not yet figured out what aquaculture is all about. EDITOR’S NOTE: Aquaculture Production Systems is available through the on-line store at the WAS website.
10 JUNE 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG At the Online Store, You will find: • WAS Aquaculture Publications • Aquaculture Publications From Other Publishers • Aquaculture Books in Spanish • WAS Merchandise • Web-based Conference Presentations and CDs • Great Prices • Terrific Member Discounts LOOK FOR THE LATEST CONFERENCE INFORMATION ONLINE Online Conference Abstract Submission Online Conference Registration For more information visit the Online Store, or contact: carolm@was.org ONLINE STORE “The First Stop For All of Your Aquaculture publications” www.was.org
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2013 11 In Memoriam Namibia is one of the most important fishing nations in Africa. From 1997 to 2010, the country’s Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Dr. Abraham Iyambo played a key role in promoting aquaculture in Namibia, despite large parts of the country being covered by desert. In 1995, when Dr. Iyambo was Deputy Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources, he started thinking about global food insecurity, particularly in southern Africa. He was saddened by the fact that about 800 million people in developing nations go to bed with an empty stomach every night, ironic to him because Africa is endowed with abundant natural resources. Dr. Iyambo was tired of hearing about the meager contribution of Africa to global aquaculture production and had a strong belief that the potential was much greater and must be developed for broad benefit. He received The Legacy of Dr. Abraham Iyambo (1961-2013) for Aquaculture in Namibia approval from the Minister to begin developing aquaculture in Namibia. First he visited developed and developing countries engaged in aquaculture development to assess achievements and constraints and to confirm potential. Namibia needed a solid regulatory framework, so contact was established with various international organizations with capacity in aquaculture. As a result, FAO assigned international experts to assist the Ministry in drafting aquaculture policy, laws and regulations. In 2003, the Ministry established a separate Directorate of Aquaculture. Once a regulatory framework and administrative infrastructure were in place, pilot projects were established, particularly in rural areas, to demonstrate aquaculture and its potential in Namibia. A training and research center was set up. It is with great sadness that we convey the news that our colleague and friend, Professor James Muir, passed away in Edinburgh, in the early hours of 1 May. James had been ill for some time. He died peacefully, surrounded by his family. James was a great intellect, multitalented and worked exceptionally hard. He was a key member of the Institute of Aquaculture at Stirling University from the mid-1970s to 2009 and contributed massively to its development and our present status, especially on the international stage. In the late 1970s, James, Lindsay Ross and Christina Sommerville began the ODA-funded work on tilapias that eventually led to the development of the Institute of Aquaculture from the former Unit of Aquatic Pathobiology. His background was in environmental engineering and economics, with specific expertise in the aquatic sector, including resilient production systems, energy and resources, trade, market, investment and development policy; climate change mitigation and adaptation, research and education planning and management. His experience crossed the James Fraser Muir academic, commercial and public sectors, and he had an extensive international record in strategic sectoral planning, research management, program design, management and evaluation, for which his skills were highly valued by international agencies. On retirement from the Institute, James became a Professor Emeritus and continued his key work as an international development and research advisor and evaluator. He was a member of the UK Foresight Lead Expert Group on the Global Future of Food and Farming, and at various times a staff member of FAO, Fisheries Adviser to DFID, and an adviser to CGIAR and a range of other development bodies. James authored and edited more than 200 papers, technical reports, presentations, monographs and books. James will be warmly remembered by his many students and colleagues. We are all glad to have known and enjoyed time with him and he will be sorely missed. EDITORS NOTE: This notice was written by Lindsay Ross of Stirling University. (CONTINUED ON PAGE 12)
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