WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2014 1 VOLUME 45, NUMBER 4 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY DECEMBER 2014 W RLD AQUACULTURE YELLOW CATFISH IN INDIA
2 DECEMBER 2014 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2014 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2014-2015 Graham Mair, President Michael Schwarz, Past President Rebecca Lochmann, President-Elect William Daniels, Treasurer Patricia Abelin, Secretary DIRECTORS Luis Andre Sampaio Sandra E. Shumway Francisco S. Gomes Roy Palmer Zuridah O. Merican Carole R. Engle CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Farshad Shishehchian, Asian Pacific Kathleen Hartman, USAS Antonio Garza de Yta, Latin America and Caribbean Kwang Sik-Choi, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. E-mail: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2014, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 45 NO. 4 DECEMBER 2014 Cover: Yellow catfish Horabagrus brachysoma is cultured as an ornamental fish in India. See article on page 52. 6 Book Review: Handbook for Aquaculture Water Quality by Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker John A. Hargreaves 11 A Fish Farmer’s Role in Sustainable Aquaculture: An Overview of Philippine Aquaculture Jonni Fay C. Teves and Janice A. Ragaza 18 Environmental Impact of Trout Aquaculture on the Lebanon Portion of the Assi River Nadim Farajalla, Yara Daou, I.P. Saoud 24 Shrimp Farming with Biofloc Technology: Commercial Experience and Approaches to Disease Control Nyan Taw 29 Dietary Requirements for Ascorbic Acid, α-Tocopheryl Acetate and Arachidonic Acid in Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica Sungchul C. Bai, Kumar Katya and Hyeonho Yun 36 Controlling Inflammation with Flavanoids— An Option for Future Aquafeeds Malte Lohölter, Susanne Kirwan and Bernhard Eckel 40 The Impact of Net Density on Oceanic Aquaculture Pens Benjamin Levy, Heide Friedrich, John Cater, Richard Clarke and James P. Denier 44 Land to Water Surface Area Ratio in Pond Aquaculture Lauren N. Jescovitch, Philip Chaney and Claude E. Boyd 48 Farming of Giant Freshwater Prawn in China Yang Ming 52 Hatchery Production of the Yellow Catfish Horabagrus brachysoma in India S.K. Sahoo, S. Ferosekhan, M. Paramanik, S.K. Swain 56 A Case for Commercial Shrimp Farming in the Niger Delta, Nigeria Adejoke A. Adewumi, Razaq O. Agunbiade and Opeyemi E. Idowu 60 Potential Effects of Cultural Eutrophication on Cage Culture in Lakes and Reservoirs in Nigeria Moshood Mustapha 62 Single Cell Proteins: a Novel Approach in Aquaculture Systems Vivekanand Bharti, P. K. Pandey1 and Satish Kumar Koushlesh (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)
2 DECEMBER 2014 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG President’s Column As I write this, Christmas decorations are starting to appear in the gardens of Adelaide and what looks like being a long dry summer is about to descend on us as the year spins by. South Australia is the driest state in Australia and yet, along with Tasmania, has the greatest aquaculture activity. It’s somewhat counterintuitive to think of aquaculture expanding in dry areas but here at WAS we are seeing a significant growth of interest in aquaculture in arid areas, particularly in the Middle East. A reliable source of quality water is a pre-requisite for any aquaculture operation and a basic fact is that our animals live in water. Thus, as aquaculturists, we treasure that water and invest heavily in conserving it and maintaining a quality conducive to profitable production. Aquaculture is actually one of the most drought-resistant forms of primary production! The Asia-Pacific Chapter organized an Aridland Aquaculture Symposium and Workshops last year. Also, our immediate Past President Michael Schwarz is heavily involved and formally representing WAS in the Global Forum for International Agriculture (GFIA) initiative, which is emphasizing climate-smart agriculture with a focus on the Middle East and Africa, and also in the upcoming Middle East Aquaculture Forum (MEAF). The second GFIA meeting is being held next year on March 9-10 in Abu Dhabi and the first MEAF meeting follows in Dubai April 5-6. These are meetings towards which WAS is contributing and sponsoring and, in the case of GFIA, ensuring that aquaculture has a profile as an important component of climate-smart agriculture. Shifting attention farther south, and a development that I am following closely, we are moving forward in the planning and organization of our first WAS conference in Africa. This will be held in Cape Town, South Africa from June 26-30, 2017. I signed the agreement for this conference with Roger Krohn of the Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa during the conference in Adelaide earlier this year and the first steering committee meeting was held last month in Cape Town. The conference in South Africa will represent an exciting opportunity to bring together the global aquaculture community with aquaculturists throughout Africa to discuss the latest technologies and opportunities for aquaculture development. The conference theme is Sustainable Aquaculture - New Frontiers for Economic Growth. My personal interest comes from having spent some considerable time in the region working on an aquaculture development project with the University of Stellenbosch in the late 1990s. In addition to the interest around this being our first meeting in the region, this happens also to be a spectacularly beautiful part of the world with plenty to interest delegates outside of aquaculture. Nonetheless, the conference will have a significant challenge in encouraging and supporting participation from aquaculturists throughout the subcontinent, in particular, which includes some countries that remain among the least economically developed in the world. Contents (continued) Society 2 President’s Column 3 Editor’s Note 4 USAS Report 4 Asian Pacific Chapter Report 5 Korean Chapter Report 5 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Report 69 Financial Report 70 Conference Calendar 71 Future Conferences and Expositions 72 Advertisers’ Index 72 Membership Application (CONTINUED ON PAGE 9) YOU COULD BE MISSING OUT ON IMPORTANT INFORMATION Please take a moment to add wascommunication@was.org and judya@was.org to your approved sender’s list so that you do not miss out on any important information regarding the World Aquaculture Societay and your WAS membership. Many of you may not be aware that your email is not being received due to a permission or security issue. It may have been rejected by a moderator, the address may only accept email from certain senders, or another restriction.
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2014 3 Editor’s Note The UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes food security as a social, economic and cultural right; there is a Right to Food. Food security is defined operationally by the FAO as when “all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” Although the number has been declining, there are currently about 870 million people with chronic hunger, or 1 in 8 of the global population. Although less visible, many more are malnourished. The UN estimates that more than 2 billion people do not consume adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals, the so-called “hidden hunger.” The WHO estimates that 1 in 3 living in developing countries suffer from vitamin and mineral deficiencies, lacking vitamin A, iron and iodine. Micronutrient deficiencies are most severe throughout Sub-Saharan Africa but are also very high in India. Fish provides high-quality protein, vitamins and essential fatty acids. Compared to other foods, there has been little attention given to the role of fish in providing food security, despite its potential importance in addressing malnutrition. Although the focus of health benefits is on protein consumption, fish is arguably more important as a source of micronutrients and fatty acids. There are a number of well-known nutritional and health benefits of fish consumption. In developed countries, the link between fish consumption and human health emphasizes the effect of consuming heart-healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids. In developing countries, it is focused on malnutrition or unequal access to food for women and children. The phenomenal growth of aquaculture — about 6 percent per year over the last decade — has expanded the global supply of fish. Aggregate demand for fish has been increasing with human population and with wealth, especially in China and India. Aquaculture provides food security by supplying high-quality animal protein and providing employment, income and livelihood opportunities, especially for poor people. According to the FAO, fish from aquaculture and capture fisheries provides 3 billion people with 20 percent of their average intake of animal protein and an additional 1.5 billion people with about 15 percent of their animal protein intake. Fish provides 50 to 60 percent of protein in human diets in countries with significant aquaculture production, such as Bangladesh and Indonesia. Most nations where fish represents a significant proportion of animal protein consumption are low-income developing countries. Aquaculture is an economic activity that provides food security through employment, income and livelihood opportunities, particularly for poor people in developing countries. The FAO estimates that 660 to 820 million people depend to some degree on fisheries, aquaculture and related activities as a source of income. These include 19 million working directly in production as fish farmers, most (70 to 80 percent) at a small scale, nearly all of which (90 percent) are in Asia. An additional 19 million are employed in other parts of the value chain, including support activities (feeds, hatcheries), production, processing, transportation and marketing. Recently published studies have demonstrated unequivocally that small-scale aquaculture can reduce poverty and improve food security in Asia. However, small-scale aquaculture does not necessarily equate to food security, at least in Africa, where the focus of development efforts has shifted to larger-scale, commerciallyoriented operations to improve food security outcomes. Fish produced in small-scale aquaculture are often more important as a cash crop than direct use as food in these households. Food security and nutrition outcomes are strongly determined by gender, class and ethnicity. Access to resources and way those resources are distributed within countries, along value chains and within households is gendered, with women having a subordinate role. Men dominate the workforce in aquaculture production, with women generally more prominent in processing and marketing. Food security through aquaculture can be improved by addressing gender inequality in the value chain. Food security through aquaculture is threatened by environmental problems, including the availability of freshwater, land degradation that affects production of commodity grains used in feeds and water pollution from industrial activities, among others. It is also threatened by the spread of diseases, early mortality syndrome being a recent example. Food security through aquaculture will depend on the ability of small-scale producers to adapt to climate change. Climate change represents a challenge to food security through the availability of fresh water, sea-level rise and increased incidence of extreme weather such as droughts and floods. Food security will be affected by uncertainty in the fish supply from aquaculture as well as the vulnerability of fish farmers to the effects of climate change. Vulnerability to climate change is very high in coastal areas and river floodplains, areas where most of the world’s aquaculture production occurs. Fish is one of the most globally traded foods and is the most traded form of animal protein. The evidence that global trade in fish from aquaculture is beneficial to producers in developing countries is equivocal. Most benefits tend to accrue to processors and brokers rather than producers. Local or regional trade, especially for lowvalue species, is likely to have better outcomes relative to employment and food security. To realize the full potential of aquaculture to contribute to food security, research and development related to genetic improvement (such as the GIFT program), production system efficiency, fishmeal replacement, health management and the domestication of new species is needed. In short, improving the productivity and sustainability of aquaculture can improve food security and nutrition outcomes. Food security goals and strategies need to be an integral and explicit part of policies and governance of the aquaculture sector. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Strengthening Aquaculture for Food Security
4 DECEMBER 2014 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Year by year more people in Asia rely on aquaculture for food and as a source of income but disease and poor management threaten the industry. According to the FAO, fish farming holds tremendous opportunities in responding to the increasing demand for food, which is taking place due to global population growth. Asia – including South Asia, Southeast Asia, China and Japan – is projected to represent 70 percent of global fish consumption by 2030. Asia is the largest producer of farmed shrimp but, in recent years, growth in some countries has declined significantly due to diseases. Since 2012, shrimp production in China, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia has declined due to early mortality syndrome (EMS). Other countries, including Indonesia and India, have not been impacted by EMS and their shrimp farming sectors are on the rise. Vietnam is having a promising recovery from the EMS outbreak. However, Thailand remains in doubt, with an estimated shrimp production of less than 250,000 t for 2014, which is 50 percent less than its normal production. As promised in my previous column, we have started working on the new website for the APC Chapter and expect it to be ready to launch by the first quarter of 2015. We are also finalizing the employment of an APC secretariat with a qualified candidate. Two small symposia have been confirmed, one in India in January 2015 and the other in Iran, both related to shrimp farming. The Iran symposium is pending for final confirmation from government authorities. The first steering committee meeting for the APC meeting in Surabaya, Indonesia in 2016 will be held on December 8 and there is great support from the government and private sector. Finally I would like to congratulate our new President-Elect, Dr. Enday from Indonesia and two new board members, Brett Glencross and Jenny Cobcroft as Directors. Welcome on board. — Farshad Shishehchian, President CHAPTER REPORTS U.S. Aquaculture Society Asian Pacific Chapter Thank It is the time of year to give thanks and to reflect on who we are and where we going. First, I truly appreciate the time and dedication of my fellow current volunteer USAS Board Members. They have endured many a frantic “blonde moment” with me this year. Thanks to each of you for your enduring patience and good sense of humor. I also want to recognize and thank our old and new sponsors for the USAS student awards. Because of their support and commitment, in partnership with USAS, we will award over $17,000 to students for travel and presentation excellence. Through our combined efforts, we intend to have a positive and lasting impact on the next generation of aquaculture scientists among us. The 2015 USAS Student Award Sponsors are: American Fisheries Society, Fish Culture Section; Aqualogic; Drs. Ebeling and Timmons; Merck Animal Health; Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems; Sea Grant, National Sea Grant College Program; Soy Aquaculture Alliance; Tyson Foods, Inc. In addition to these sponsors, Alltech. USAS and Alltech have partnered to create an exciting opportunity for USAS students presenting at Aquaculture America 2015 (AA15) in New Orleans, LA, from February 19-22, 2015. The USAS student (graduate or undergraduate) receiving the USAS Merck Best Presentation Award will be eligible to advance to the Alltech Young Scientist (AYS) competition at the regional level for North America, where they will compete with other AYS country/affiliation winners. The top three winners in each of the regional phases will be an AYS Finalist and invited to compete (all expenses paid) in the Global Competition held at the Alltech Annual Symposium in Lexington, KY in May, 2015. The USAS AYS winner and their mentor will receive AYS Affiliation Awards (trophies, medals and certificates). Regional and Global Competition winners will receive certificates and cash awards. For USAS student winners to compete in the AYS North American Regional Competition, they will need to prepare and submit an aquaculture sciencerelated paper following the AYS paper submission requirements (3,500 words for undergraduate and 5,000 words for graduate). For more information on the Alltech Young Scientist Program and requirements go to www.alltech.com/ education/alltech-young-scientist/about. Thanks to all who stepped up to be judges for the USAS student abstracts for AA15. Your time is appreciated. Students, it is not too late to submit an application for some of these awards. You can visit the USAS website (www.was.org/USAS/) or contact me for more information. Deadlines are in early December 2014. Another thank you to Hayward Industries for their support and making possible our student field trips and activities at AA15. Hayward – you delivered when we needed it most! USAS has exciting news from the Publications Committee. The USAS Board has approved sponsorship of the new book by Drs. Boyd and Tucker, Handbook for Aquaculture Water Quality. (See review this issue. – Ed.) The book will be sold through the WAS online store (www.was.org/Shopping/). The USAS appreciates Drs. Boyd and Tucker for thinking of the USAS and our membership. (CONTINUED ON PAGE 72)
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2014 5 CHAPTER REPORTS From 4-7 November, our second LACQUA event took place in Guadalajara, Mexico, one of the most beautiful cities in the region. LACQUA 14 had the participation of around 600 professionals from around the globe, which is a sign that more people are paying attention to what it is happening in the Latin America and the Caribbean region. This event was historic for our chapter for three reasons. First, it consolidated the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter (LACC) of the World Aquaculture Society as the second largest chapter in the Society. Second, the conference had increased participation from the Caribbean area, one of our main objectives for the chapter. Third, and most important, it confirmed that having our regional meeting in Spanish and/or Portuguese is the best way to attract producers and decision-makers to our conference. When we started with this idea, many doubted that this strategy would succeed. However, the current board envisioned that this was the only way of achieving our main goal, which was to bring together academia, producers and decision-makers under one umbrella – our chapter. During the event, more than 150 oral presentations and 50 posters were made. The commercial exposition, which attracted 700 visitors in addition to the participants of the conference, had the participation of 65 vendors. Knowledge was shared, businesses were celebrated, friends were made — LACQUA14 was a great success! Our next LACQUA conference will take place in Brazil next year. LACQUA15 will take place in the Convention Center in Fortaleza, Ceará, from 16-20 November, in coordination with FENACAM 2015. This will conclude our first three-year conference cycle, which started in Villavicencio, Colombia, last year. It will also be the time to change our board, so keep your eyes open if you want to participate as a board member for 20152017. I am sure that our organization will continue to grow along with our events. Our commitment to the chapter membership is to keep improving our services and contribute as much as we can to aquaculture development in the Latin American and Caribbean region and worldwide. It is also time for a new challenge. Our first regional workshop will take place from 9-12 December in Coquimbo, Chile. It will be the First Arid Land Aquaculture Workshop sponsored by the LACC and in partnership with the Fifth Congress of Aquaculture and the Fifth Congress of Aquaponics in Chile. These series of events will support the creation of a “Centro de Investigación Mundial para el Desarrollo de una Acuicultura Sustentable en Zonas Áridas,” which will function to promote sustainable aridland aquaculture worldwide. We are sure that LACC will be deeply involved with this center and that it will make a great contribution to achieve food security in the region. I hope to see you there. — Antonio Garza de Yta, President Latin American and Caribbean Chapter The Korea-Japan Joint Symposium on Aquaculture, which is held biannually in Korea and Japan, was held on October 31, 2014 in Kunsan National University, Korea. It was co-organized by the Aquaculture Division of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science (KOSFAS). The symposium provided a rich variety of information to more than 80 participants, with 10 oral and 57 poster presentations by scientists from various institutions and academia. There were four invited lectures given by distinguished speakers: Dr. J. Higano (Director, Fisheries Research Agency) Suspended Culture of Asari Clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, Utilizing Natural Seeds”; Dr. Park Kwan-Ha (Kunsan National University) on “Current Concept on Aquaculture Farm Water Quality Regulation and Aquaculture Product Safety”; Dr. T. Yoshimatsu (Mie University) on “Climate Change and Its Impact on Aquaculture in Shallow Seas”; and Dr. Yoo Jin-Hyung (Bari Cooperative Co.) on “Monitoring Causes Affecting the Productivity of Flounder in Jeju Island, Korea.” Along with the symposium, the Annual Conference of KOSFAS, including three divisions — Fish Farming, Processing and Utilization of Seafood, and Biological Engineering — was held. The conference provided not only great opportunities to share knowledge and new ideas, but also to meet new scientific collaborators, old friends and fellow researchers. — Albert Kwang-Sik Choi, President Korean Chapter LEFT. Participants of the 2014 Korea-Japan Joint Symposium on Aquaculture.
6 DECEMBER 2014 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG The International conference and trade show on Aquaculture, World Aquaculture 2015, Jeju, Korea, will enhance industry participation by incorporating the newly organized WA15 AquaForum. The WA15 AquaForum has been created to benefit industry professionals during the WA15 conference and exhibition. The organizing committee invites Asian farmers, suppliers, and other industry professionals to Jeju, Korea to attend this forum. Activities will include specific topical industry sessions, facilitated workshops, round table discussions, simultaneous translations, designated meeting spaces, farm tours, etc. The focus of the WA15 AquaForum is targeted towards the most important industry issues affecting key Asia Pacific aquaculture producing countries. It is a true Industry forum whereby timely topical and regionally relevant sessions are tailored to enhance industrial representation and participation. Session topics will include Flatfish Health, Shrimp Health, Aqua Feed technologies, Marine Finfish Technologies, Enhancing Shellfish Production and Integrated Aquaculture. WAS aquaforum 2015 Updated information on: www.was.org and Linked-in group ‘World Aquaculture 2015 AquaForum’ World Aquaculture 2015 AquaForum Jeju Island, Korea May 26-29, 2015
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8 DECEMBER 2014 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Book Review Water quality in warmwater fish ponds, first published in 1979, was my initial introduction to the science of water chemistry as applied to aquaculture ponds, given to me as a young and idealistic Peace Corps volunteer and aspiring aquaculturist. My copy of that book bristles with post-it notes that mark sections I found particularly useful and annotated in the margins. The blue cover is scuffed from use but in otherwise good condition. The second version of this book, Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture, was published in 1990, and it too is marked with multi-color tabs, although the rather poor binding meant that large chunks of pages became detached and are now loosely stuffed into place. Now, the third version of this book, Handbook for Aquaculture Water Quality has been published, co-authored with Craig Tucker. The books are of identical size (15 × 23 cm) and stack one on top of the other neatly. The progression of these books tells the story of the evolution of water quality in aquaculture as an area of scientific inquiry. It also tracks the evolution of the career of Claude Boyd as the preeminent scientist working in this area of aquaculture science. The first version of the book had three main parts: principles of water quality, water quality management and measurement of water quality. The second version of the book did away with the laboratory measurement and methods section, which was published separately, and included the original principles and management sections, expanded to include much more information about water quality in marine shrimp ponds. The new book, as the title suggests, discusses water quality independent of the pond aquaculture production system, although water quality in ponds remains the major theme. The new book has been completely reorganized and revised, with the big change being a general coupling of principle with management. For example, the discussion about dissolved oxygen dynamics is paired with a chapter about aeration. The reorganization has also resulted in much more succinct and salient discussions of topics than in previous versions; the page count has decreased from 482 to 439 from the 1990 version to the current book, despite the expanded scope. Nearly all chapters include excellent summaries of the physiological effects of particular water quality variables on cultured animals, indicating one of the many contributions of the second author to the book. A section on measurement of a particular water quality variable concludes most chapters. Overall, the illustrations, graphs and figures are better quality than in previous versions, although there are some digital photographs that were distorted when placed. The list of references at the end of each chapter are not exhaustive, emphasizing publications of the first author, but representing key references for deeper investigation into a topic. The authors selected the less-useful and awkward convention of numbering citations in the text, rather than providing author names. The book begins with chapters on the fundamentals of water science, with a good discussion of hydrology that is based on the terms in water budgets for aquaculture production systems. Then, a new chapter to this book on ecological principles is provided, including an excellent discussion of the role of life support, culture system intensity and the footprint of aquaculture. A chapter on water sources and culture systems follows, emphasizing ponds but including flow-through systems, cages, recirculating systems, shellfish and seaweeds – all indicating the expanded scope of the book. The ordering of the water chemistry chapters has shifted, giving prominence to those water quality variables in order of priority. In general, the ordering of chapters flows much more logically than in the previous two versions. After the introductory chapters, two chapters discuss dissolved ions and salinity and then alkalinity and hardness. Given the importance of alkalinity in buffering pH changes, chapters on carbon dioxide, pH and liming follow. There is interesting organization of this topic by describing the processes that affect pH in aquaculture production systems. The section on liming in previous versions of the book has become a subsection of a more comprehensive “managing pH” section. Here too a new passage on managing high pH in aquaculture ponds is provided. Chapters on fertilization and feeds and water quality follow. The chapter on fertilization has been significantly modified from previous versions of the book, with a much more cogent and concise summary of the topic provided, although incorporating more of the work of the Pond Dynamics and Aquaculture CRSP on this topic would have been welcome. The next group of chapters starts with a new chapter on thermal stratification and mixing, a topic that was only a subsection of a chapter in previous versions of the book. Again, a phenomenon (stratification) is linked with a management approach (mixing). Chapters on dissolved oxygen and aeration follows. These chapters are considerably revised and updated from previous versions of the book and are much more succinct, organized from the perspective of the terms in pond dissolved oxygen budgets. There is new information about aeration rate and aerator placement. A new chapter on gas supersaturation, important in hatcheries and flowthrough systems in particular, has been added to this version of the book. A chapter on solids, turbidity and color follows, including a discussion of sedimentation basins and effluent treatment. Next is a chapter on nitrogen, with a particularly good discussion of the forms of nitrogen in ponds and the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite. A new chapter on hydrogen sulfide has been added, a topic that was covered in only a couple of pages in previous versions of the book. A new chapter on toxic algae and off-flavor provides a particularly deep treatment of the topic, indicating the contribution Handbook for Aquaculture Water Quality by Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2014 9 Shifting gears, many of you may have heard of predatory publishing, where journals, usually new open-access journals, will approach academics seeking submission of manuscripts, which often turn out to have significant page or publication charges and lack the editorial and publishing services associated with quality, legitimate journals. A regularly updated on-line report lists nearly 500 such journals and it is inevitable that one or more will encompass the field of aquaculture. I recently became aware of a similar phenomenon of predatory conferencing, with organizations seeking to organize fee-paying conferences, principally for income generation. This is different from the scams many of us are aware of with invitations to bogus conferences that never actually occur. (Most of the invitations that I receive seem to arise from China). These predatory conferences may actually take place if sufficient interest is garnered but are likely to turn out to be something less than they are made out to be. A common practice of predatory conferencing is to seek endorsements from well-known people in the field, who are often not aware that their interest in the conference is being used to promote the event. Senior figures in WAS are prime targets for such practice. So, when these tempting invitations drop into your inbox, it pays to do a bit of due diligence. Things to look out for that might set alarm bells ringing include a lack of any obvious cooperation with local organizations and a lack of organizational endorsement rather than individual endorsement. Fortunately the brand and reputation of WAS is such that, as an organization, our participation in or endorsement of an event can be seen as a measure of its authenticity and legitimacy. I mentioned in my last column about the two important decisions taken by the Board in Adelaide to reinvigorate the journal and to support the development of chapter home offices for the APC and LACC. On the journal, our first step is to recruit an Executive Editor. This process is travelling a bit slower than hoped but we have a number of promising candidates for the position and will soon be shortlisting. Hopefully I will be able to provide an update in my next column. We have made better progress on the development of chapter home offices, with appointments made for both executive officers, who will take up their positions this December. Further details will be provided by the chapters but I would like to welcome Pornnatcha Klinsorn (Genie) and Nashieli Rodriguez (Nash) to the WAS executive team representing the APC and LACC respectively. Genie will be based in Bangkok and will be working full time with the APC while Nash will be based in La Paz, Mexico and will initially be working on a part-time basis. These appointments will enable those chapters to be more proactive and to engage more effectively with their members. Hopefully these executive officers will gain a better understanding of the most effective value proposition of WAS membership in their respective regions, enabling us to better tailor and adapt membership features and services to deliver better value from membership. I would like to end by wishing all WAS members an enjoyable and productive festive season, which here in Australia is a key time of year for the seafood industry, with a major peak in consumption. — Graham Mair, President President, continued from page 2 of Craig Tucker. The aquatic plant management chapter has been completely re-worked. The chemistry chapters of the book conclude with a chapter on trace elements, emphasizing the importance of iron in groundwater. This chapter combined several chapters from previous versions of the book. A chapter on miscellaneous treatments follows, including discussion of biological amendments, microbial and plant extracts, oxidants and disinfectants, therapeutants and other substances. Despite their widespread use, particularly in marine shrimp farming, the authors are rather dismissive of probiotics, although admittedly the evidence for their efficacy is equivocal. There is a new chapter on water quality in low-salinity aquaculture, particularly applicable to the farming of shrimp in inland areas heretofore underutilized for this form of aquaculture. A chapter on pond bottom soil management has been re-worked and is considerably shortened from the previous version of the book. Interestingly there is no discussion of phosphorus dynamics here. On the whole, the discussion of phosphorus is minimal and scattered throughout the book. Phosphorus deserves its own chapter, given its importance to primary productivity and environmental impact (i.e. eutrophication). The Handbook then moves into a group of chapters describing the particular water quality issues associated with various culture systems, including partitioned ponds, lined ponds (including biofloc systems), flow-through systems, cage culture and recirculating systems. A last chapter on effluents provides information on strategies for effluent reduction and summarizes the Best Management Practices available to minimize the volume and impact of effluents. The book concludes with a section on volume measurement and calculations. This section is organized according to the water inflow and loss terms of a water balance and provides good information on measuring water flow. The section also includes information on calculating the proper dose of chemical treatments of culture systems. As in the other books, a helpful reference of commonly-used conversion factors is included. This book will have broad appeal to fish and shrimp producers, students and scientists. It is an essential reference for anyone working in the field of water quality, although the book also represents a key reference for aquaculture scientists working in subfields such as nutrition, reproduction, diseases, engineering, etc. The price point of this book makes it affordable to growers, students and scientists in the developing world. As with previous versions, the book is, at its core, a practical manual for managing water quality in aquaculture production systems. — John A. Hargreaves Editor’s Note: Handbook for Aquaculture Water Quality is available through the on-line store at the WAS website. The book is also available in the US for $49.50 per copy (including shipping by US mail media rate) by ordering from P. Boyd, P.O. Box 3074, Auburn, Alabama 36831. For international shipping costs or other questions, contact claudee39@gmail.com.
10 DECEMBER 2014 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2014 11 The expansion of Philippine aquaculture is essential to addressing poverty and food insecurity in the midst of a seemingly irreversible decline in national capture fisheries. Concomitant with its rise, however, are compounding environmental problems caused by climate change, lackluster governance and irresponsible farming practices. It is equally important to ensure aquaculture sustainability so that fish demand from a rapidly growing population is continually met and that fish farmers’ socioeconomic well-being is secured. As such, programs have been developed that aim to enjoin the government and private sectors with fishing communities to realize this goal. Contribution of the Fishery Sector to the Philippine Economy The Philippines is a tropical, archipelagic country comprised of 7,107 islands located in Southeast Asia. Surrounded by the Pacific Ocean on the east, the Celebes Sea and Bornean waters on the south and the South China Sea on the west and north (Bautista 2009), it has a total territorial water area of 2,200,00 km2 while the total land area covers only about 300,000 km2. Its 17,460 km coastline spans marine areas that include coral reefs, seagrass and algal beds. In the interior of landmasses are freshwater and brackishwater A Fish Farmer’s Role in Sustainable Aquaculture: An Overview of Philippine Aquaculture Jonni Fay C. Teves and Janice A. Ragaza (CONTINUED ON PAGE 12) Milkfish culture in cages at SEAFDEC/AQD, Igang marine station, Guimaras, Philippines. Photo by J.A. Ragaza.
12 DECEMBER 2014 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG sector to recover from a contraction in growth the previous year (BAS 2014). It has had an average annual growth rate in production volume of 8.6 percent from 1997 to 2008, and the production value is now nearly triple the amount in 1996 (BAS 2014, CountrySTAT Philippines 2012). Philippine aquaculture involves many species and farming systems. As of 2007, there are 16 reported aquaculture species, among which four are considered most important: seaweeds, milkfish Chanos chanos, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (BFAR 2011, Sumagsay-Chavoso 2007). In 2011, seaweed was the greatest contributor to production at 70.6 percent (1.84 million t); followed by milkfish, 14.3 percent (372,580 t); tilapia, 9.9 percent (257,385 t); shrimps and prawns, 1.9 percent (50,159 t); and others, 3.3 percent (87,162 t) (BFAR 2011). Seaweeds. There are two groups of farmed seaweeds in the Philippines, those which are extracted for industrial chemicals, such as Eucheuma spp., and edible species, mainly Caulerpa spp. Research on new seaweed strains (Kappaphycus spp.) has been undertaken in 2008 to generate fast-growing, disease-resistant seaweeds for commercial farming (SEAFDEC/AQD 2008). The Philippines is the world’s largest producer of farmed Eucheuma (BFAR-PHILMINAQ 2007). Milkfish. Locally known as bangus, milkfish is the country’s national fish, having a high level of consumer acceptance and the largest share of farmed foodfish production. In 2001-2005, the Philippines was consistently the top milkfish producer in the world, and has increased growth rate over the recent years (BFAR 2008). Meanwhile, milkfish processing is a growing industry in the country. Fish are deboned before they undergo marinating or smoking to make them more palatable to the current younger generation, who are often deterred by its bony features. “Boneless bangus,” as it is called, is a uniquely popular Philippine product (Yap et al. 2007). Tilapia. Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was first introduced to the Philippines from Thailand in 1950. Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) was first introduced in 1972 and has since gained wide acceptance among farmers and consumers (Yap 1999). It is the main tilapia species cultured in the Philippines and in 2013 the country Fish pens using bamboo poles for enclosure at SEAFDEC/AQD, Binangonan Freshwater station, Rizal, Philippines. Photo by J.A. Ragaza. Lake-based cages at SEAFDEC/AQD, Binangonan Freshwater station, Rizal, Philippines. Photo by J.A. Ragaza. swamplands, fishponds, lakes, rivers and reservoirs (Yap 1999, BFAR 2011). With its extensive aquatic resources, the country was the fifth top fish producer in the world in 2010. However, total production has decreased at a rate of 3.6 percent, from 5.16 million t in 2010 to 4.97 million t in 2011. Nonetheless, total export value was US$ 871 million while import value was US $217 million, leaving a positive trade balance of US$ 654 million. Overall, the fishery sector contributed 1.9 percent (US$ 4.23 billion) and 2.2 percent (US$ 3.02 billion) at current and constant prices respectively of the country’s GDP (US$ 224.79 billion at current prices and US$ 136.79 billion at constant prices) (BFAR 2010a, BFAR 2011). Annual performance of Philippine fisheries is attributed to three subsectors: municipal (small-scale) fisheries, commercial fisheries and aquaculture. Municipal and commercial sectors are distinguished by fishing location and vessel capacity—the municipal sector involves capture operations in inland and coastal areas with or without the use of a vessel not exceeding 3 gross t, while commercial fisheries is done in offshore waters using vessels of at least 3 gross t. Aquaculture is defined as the cultivation and farming of aquatic plants and animals in inland, coastal and marine areas (FAO 2001). Among the three subsectors, aquaculture made the greatest contribution to fish production in 2011, with 52.4 percent (2.61 million t), followed by the municipal sector with 26.8 percent (1.33 million t) and commercial sector with 20.8 percent (1.03 million t) (BFAR 2011). Status of Philippine Aquaculture Philippine aquaculture can be traced to the fourteenth century, starting with the use of traditional, low-density pond culture of milkfish (Lopez 2006). Only in the 1940s was aquaculture recognized as an important industry, with 20,000 t of production, and since then has grown rapidly (Yap 1999). Total aquaculture production has increased from 0.29 million t in 1980 to 2.54 million t in 2012 (CountrySTAT Philippines 2012), comprising 42.5 percent of total fisheries output in 2013. Its steady growth, together with increased commercial fishery production, allowed the fishery
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 2014 13 maintained its rank as the fourth top tilapia producer, contributing 8 percent to global tilapia production (SunStar 2013). Shrimp/prawns. In the early 1990s, the Philippines ranked as the third top shrimp producing country in the world, specifically based on the culture of the black tiger shrimp P. monodon, locally known as sugpo. However, high stocking densities in pursuit of high production have led to the spread of bacteria diseases. Although initially mitigated by antibiotics, the causative bacteria developed resistance, causing the collapse of shrimp farms (Yap 1999). Culture of black tiger shrimp then waned, clearing the way for the culture of Pacific white shrimp P. vannamei, the species of current interest. Despite opposition by local NGOs and producers fearful of another disease outbreak, Pacific white shrimp are preferred for ease of culture, better survival and lower protein requirement in feeds, together leading to cheaper shrimp in the market (Sulit et al. 2005). Culture environments. Species are cultivated in fish pens, cages and ponds in marine, brackishwater, and freshwater environments. Open coastal water is the largest culture environment, mainly as a result of the seaweed industry. Mariculture began in the 1930s with oysters, followed by the culture of mussels 20 years later. However, it progressed only with the start of carrageenophyte seaweed farming in the 1970s (Yap 1999). Brackishwater areas, such as mangrove swamps and estuarine areas, is the second largest culture environment. The two main brackishwater species cultured are milkfish and black tiger shrimp; others include mudcrabs Scylla serrata, grouper Epinephelus spp., seabass Lates calcarifer and other penaeid shrimps. Freshwater aquaculture started with the introduction of Mozambique tilapia in 1950 and the subsequent spread of backyard tilapia culture throughout the country. Freshwater aquaculture came to prominence in the mid-1970s with the discovery that milkfish could be reared without feeding at commercial levels in Laguna de Bay fish pens. Thereafter, tilapia were successfully cultured in cages, initially in Laguna de Bay and then in other lakes, dams and reservoirs. Commonly cultured freshwater species aside from tilapia are bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis and common carp Cyprinus carpio, African catfish Clarias gariepinus, snakehead Channa striata, euryhaline milkfish and most recently the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Garcia and Sumalde 2013, BFARPHILMINAQ 2007, Lopez 2006). Aquaculture, Food Security and Poverty Alleviation Aquaculture has steadily contributed to the fish supply, a panacea for dwindling fish stocks from overfishing and habitat degradation. The importance of aquaculture is underscored inasmuch as fish remains the major essential protein source for the poor majority, with a 42.5 percent share of total animal protein consumption (Kawarazuka and Béné 2011) as well as the greater food insecurity experienced in rural compared to urban areas (Ravanera and Emata 2012). Pressure on the fish supply has been intensified by the impacts of climate change, as evinced by erratic weather patterns and the increasingly powerful and frequent typhoons that ravage the country. Fish farmers are highly vulnerable to loss of food and income. This was keenly felt when Typhoon Haiyan (known locally as Yolanda) wreaked havoc in the major aquaculture and fisheries producing regions in the Visayas in November 2013, leaving most small-scale fish and seaweed farmers displaced. Dependence of poor fish farmers on the fish supply is augmented by the fact that families in the lowest income groups spend more on fish products for food compared to the average Filipino household (Worldfish Center 2008). Sustainability in Aquaculture The rise of aquaculture has negatively impacted ecosystems. Proliferation of fish pens and cages has led to fish kills because of oxygen depletion, accumulation of pollutant toxins and diseases. Species have become threatened and endangered. Mangrove areas were converted to fishponds, a practice that has compromised natural filtration and has added up to water pollution (Bergquist 2007, BFAR-PHILMINAQ 2007). The Philippine government’s Mid Term Development Program (2004-2010) has identified aquaculture as a subsector that will generate new jobs and ensure food security geared toward the country’s goal of economic development (Nagothu and Ortiz 2007). (CONTINUED ON PAGE 14) Seahorse hatchery at SEAFDEC/AQD, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. Photo by J.A. Ragaza. Rearing tanks for giant freshwater prawn at SEAFDEC/AQD, Binangonan Freshwater station, Rizal, Philippines. Photo by J.A. Ragaza.
14 DECEMBER 2014 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Recently completed research in Dagupan on saline tilapia called “mollibicus,” which can be reared in coastal areas, proves to be promising in the face of increasingly frequent fishkills in brackishwater environments (The Fish Site 2014a). These studies can help provide preparatory and mitigation measures that can ultimately cushion the impacts of climate change on food supply and livelihood of fisherfolk communities. Institutional factors. The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) is the leading fishery organization in the Philippine government that has a mandate under the Republic Act (RA) 8550 of 1998 to conserve, protect and use fishery and aquatic resources sustainably, alleviate poverty and provide supplementary livelihoods for Filipinos (Lopez 2006). Other research organizations include the Aquaculture Department of Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC/AQD), Worldfish Center, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), among others (Lopez 2006). At present, fisheries researchers have been collaborating with private sector fish farmers and policy makers from the national and local government through forums on enforcing limits on aquaculture operations and other environmental concerns (BFAR 2010b). This is to ensure the fair allocation of coastal resources; otherwise externalities (indirect costs to aquaculture) are incurred. Externalities include reduction in natural fish productivity and increased vulnerability to natural disasters, such as typhoons and tsunamis, resulting in loss of natural coastal protection (as provided by mangroves). Government institutions are also strongly encouraged to mobilize funds for the benefit of fish farmers. For example, the Quezon provincial state government has been providing free materials for milkfish cage construction, such as bamboo poles, nets, ropes and fingerlings to fishermen, thereby paving the way for aquaculture development in the region (The Fish Site 2013b). Similarly, BFAR has allocated US$ 737,000 to the local government of Cebu to help rehabilitate fish cages, seaweed farms, fish pens and coral reefs damaged by Typhoon Yolanda (The Fish Site 2014b). As the country has been facing shortages in the supply of seaweed, the Mud crab rearing tanks at Institute of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines-Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines. Photo by J.A. Ragaza. Rotifer culture, as feed for fish larvae at Institute of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines-Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines. Photo by J.A. Ragaza. If aquaculture is aimed toward positive development, sustainability programs must integrate the following factors: technical (feeding practices, aeration, broodstock quality); physical (temperature, salinity); institutional (legislation, externalities); and socioeconomic (poverty, farmers’ management abilities) (Bergquist 2007). Technical factors. The search for potential plant-based proteins, including water hyacinth and white cowpea as alternatives for fishmeal in aquafeeds, has gained importance to reduce dependence on depleted marine fish stocks (SEAFDEC/AQD 2008). This also calls for a shift toward cultivating herbivorous and omnivorous fishes, such as milkfish, tilapia and catfish. Studies have also been conducted that aim to improve the living standards of fish farmers and consumers, provide avenues for employment and ensure food security throughout the country. These include the genetic improvement of tilapia and, more recently, the project of identifying tilapia “super strains” (Worldfish 2013), improving technologies for breeding new aquaculture species of high economic value, such as snubnose pompano Trachinotus blochii, scat Scatophagus argus and Napoleon wrasse Cheilinus undulatus, among others (SEAFDEC/AQD 2010). Innovative studies for resource enhancement to increase species stocks also have helped sustain the aquaculture industry. Low survival of seahorses Hippocampus comes in hatcheries has been a problem until the recent discovery of disinfecting its live food (copepods) with low doses of disinfecting chemicals in Guimaras, West Central Visayas. This technique has increased seahorse survival, which could enable mass production and consequently rehabilitation of depleted stocks (SEAFDEC/AQD 2014). Physical factors. Studies on how climate change can affect the aquaculture industry have been conducted to aid fish farmers in adapting to this change. For example, effects of elevated water temperatures and acidity on performance of important cultured fishes, such as milkfish and seabass, have been assessed. Search and identification of species that can be used for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), an approach that promotes waste management and minimizes environmental impacts of aquaculture, is also being examined (SEAFDFEC/AQD 2011).
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