WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 1 VOLUME 46, NUMBER 2 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY JUNE 2015 W RLD AQUACULTURE Commercial Aquaculture in Northeast Brazil
2 JUNE 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2015-2016 Rebecca Lochmann, President Graham Mair, Past-President Juan Pablo Lazo, Pesident-Elect Wendy Sealey, Treasurer Patricia Abelin, Secretary DIRECTORS Francisco S. Gomes Roy Palmer Zuridah O. Merican Carole R. Engle Kathleen Hartman Patricia Moraes Valenti CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Farshad Shishehchian, Asian Pacific Michael Denson, USAS Antonio Garza de Yta, Latin America and Caribbean Kwang Sik-Choi, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. E-mail: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2014, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 46 NO. 2 JUNE 2015 Cover: Farm-raised Pacific whiteleg shrimp just after harvest on a farm in northeast Brazil. Photo: Itamar Rocha. See article on page 10. 10 Overview and Latest Developments in Shrimp and Tilapia Aquaculture in Northeast Brazil Alberto J.P. Nunes and Itamar de Paiva Rocha 18 Aquaculture…Priceless Randy MacMillan 22 Toward the Professionalization of Aquaculture: Is There a Need for Certified Professional Aquaculturists? Rodrigue Yossa 25 Resource Use Efficiency in Aquaculture: Examining the Known and Unknown Claude E. Boyd, Aaron A. McNevin and Jason W. Clay 32 The Clear Need for Breeding Programs in Aquaculture Trygve Gjedrem 34 Isolation and Characterization of Microalgae Strains for Live Food in Sulawesi, Indonesia Wa Iba and Michael A. Rice 39 Government Efforts to Promote Oyster Farming in Malaysia Aileen Tan Shau-Hwai 43 An Untapped Resource: Spray Dried Plasma for Aquaculture Nutrition Enric Gisbert and Cristobal Aguilera 50 Pearl Culture Advances in the Andaman Islands Ajai Kumar Sonkar 54 A Study on the Deformation and Response of Model Fish Cages in Currents and Waves Gebremeskel Eshetu Kebede, Chun Woo Lee, Jihoon Lee and Subong Park 60 Freshwater Indian Flapshell Turtle: A Menace in Freshwater Aquaculture Ponds of Andhra Pradesh, India D.L. Prabu and M. Kavitha 65 Production Trial of Juvenile Australian Red Claw Crayfish in an Indoor Nursery Grant C. Curran, Siddhartha Dasgupta and Kenneth R. Thompson (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)
2 JUNE 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG President’s Column Here I am already drafting my final column as President of the Society and handing over responsibilities to my successor after 11½ months in the job. I’m sure many Past Presidents will share my perception that time just flies by and there is simply not enough time to have a significant impact across the spectrum of Society activities. The World Aquaculture Society is a well-established organization and there is a vast reservoir of experience and institutional memory in its staff, on the Board, among the Past Presidents and Fellows and within the membership at large. This certainly gives the Society a secure and stable basis from which to plan activities years into the future. Important to this is the responsible fiscal management that has secured a very sound financial footing for the Society. At this juncture I express my gratitude to our outgoing treasurer, Bill Daniels, for his six years of service in this role and he certainly hands over the books to our new treasurer, Wendy Sealey, with the Society in healthy financial standing. Traditions within the society and the long-term planning horizon make it challenging to institute significant changes at any point in time and in particular I’m thinking of measures we could take to expand our membership, particularly in underrepresented countries. I have likened the Society to one of those large ocean-going cargo vessels where a tweak to the wheel today might cause the ship to finally change direction ten miles down the track. Changes made today might impact two or three years down the line if we’re looking at a metric such as Society membership. I did believe that we could institute some changes to address the membership expansion goal, which I maintain should be a priority for the Society and an achievable one. Although we have instituted some measures that will attract new members, we have not done as much as I had hoped and I urge the incoming Board to maintain and increase focus on expanding membership, particularly through better understanding of the value proposition of Society membership to those in aquaculture who are not currently members or do not retain their membership and through improved communication, including better use of the media preferred by the younger generation of aquaculturists. We cannot afford to deposit this issue in the ‘too hard’ basket. There have been, however, a number of good positive developments and we have made some significant progress over the past couple of years. We have instituted some changes to the functions, rules and guidelines of the Society that should help in the Board in particular to function more efficiently. The Chapter secretariats are being effectively implemented and we now have Nash and Genie in the LACC and APC chapter offices, respectively. Both have been able to interact directly with the Home Office and the Board. They are highly competent and their involvement is enabling greater focus on regional activities, including local workshops and more frequent communication with chapter members. We are moving forward with the JWAS reinvigoration plan and hope to announce our new Executive Editor by the end of the meeting in Jeju. The successful candidate in this new expanded role will further develop the business plan for the Journal and drive its reinvigoration. This won’t happen overnight but I expect members to see some real improvements to the journal by early next year. Meanwhile the magazine continues to receive positive reviews under its current editorial team and we are now considering expanding options for production of local language issues or articles. Chapter Secretariats and the journal reinvigoration are two of the most important initiatives in the recent history of the Society and not without their risks and I look forward to monitoring their progress and viewing their impact on the Society going forward. We are constantly improving our student activities at the WAS conferences and we will shortly be initiating a new student travel award in honor of our recently departed colleague, Dr. Nandeesha. An exciting new development agreed to at our most recent Board meeting is to replace the moribund WAS working groups with a new concept of WAS Communities of Practice (CoPs). These are essentially small groups of like-minded people involved with a common issue in aquaculture who currently have no structure or mechanism for networking. WAS will offer its CoPs a range of networking services including listserves to enable communication, document repositories, meeting organization, opportunities to publicize their activities, etc. A successful CoP might gather pace Contents (continued) Society 2 President’s Column 3 Editor’s Note 4 In Memoriam 6 USAS Awards 7 Asian Pacific Chapter Report 7 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Report 8 USAS Report 70 Conference Calendar 71 Future Conferences and Expositions 72 Membership Application (CONTINUED ON PAGE 3)
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 3 Editor’s Note Jeju island was a beautiful setting for a WAS conference, with lush green volcanic hills and a rugged black-lava coastline. A half-day Aquaforum, a first for WAS, was held. It consisted of sets of high-level invited presentations followed by panel discussions. Initial impressions of the success of the event were positive. Honorary Life Member awards were presented to Yoram Avnimelech from Israel and Abdel-Fattah El-Sayed from Egypt. Yeong-Yo Lee from Korea was named as a WAS Fellow. All three plenary addresses were interesting. Jeong YeongHoon provided a good example of planning domains for a national modern aquaculture sector. Kangsen Mai gave a vigorous rebuttal to recent claims made about the global effects of aquaculture in China. Shakuntala Thilstead spoke eloquently and passionately about the way fish contributes to the nutrition of the poor. The conference had good physiology sessions, with interesting presentations on gut microbial ecology, probiotics and digestive enzymes. Both conference presentations by Morten Rye of Akvaforsk were among the best in Jeju, one on the state of global genetic improvement programs for tilapia and the other on the role of shrimp breeding programs in managing current and future disease problems. The latter presentation generated a lively discussion during the Q&A. There are a couple of exciting new developments with potential commercial application to report. Suparat Taengchaiyaphum evaluated Calibrin-Z, a substance that binds to the toxin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the pathogen that causes EMS. Sandy Shumway demonstrated the effectiveness of a new, low-cost, antifouling surface coating that contains a photoactive catalyst that produces hydrogen peroxide from water and oxygen. There was a Jeju Olive Flounder Day as a side-event to the main conference, dedicated to this iconic fish in Jeju. The postconference tours featured visits to area flatfish farms. My general impression was that the conference program was rather weak. There were a number of sessions with only three or four presentations, some of which were no-shows. The program committee would have done better to aggregate more papers into general sessions. The problem of cancelled presentations, a chronic issue at WAS conferences, seemed to be worse than normal. There was also an issue of many good papers being presented at the beginning of sessions, something that is expected to set the tone or be a keynote for the session, but it created a situation of making difficult decisions about attending talks during that first time slot. We’ll have more on the Jeju meeting in the next issue of the magazine. Tucker Wins Best Article Award To entice contributions of high-quality articles describing original work, the WAS Board of Directors has committed to support an award for the best article published in World Aquaculture magazine. The WAS Awards Committee concurs that an article written by Craig Tucker, Dave Brune and Les Torrans will receive the award as the best of those published in the four magazine issues of 2014. The article, “Partitioned Pond Aquaculture Systems,” took a historical approach to describing the development of this innovative pond production system. Potential contributors should take note that this is monetary award that will be ongoing and made annually. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju: A Brief Summary and grow its membership to the point that it might form its own association, hopefully with an on-going affiliation with WAS. CoPs are designed to be much more flexible and adaptive than the now moribund WAS working groups. In principal, any group can apply to form a CoP although it requires a committed coordinator who can work with a WAS representative to set up the services that will facilitate the operationalization of the group. As an example we hope that the first CoP formed will be an industry-focused group engaged in the development of Seriola aquaculture. My thanks goes to the Industry Relations committee for developing this initiative. While CoPs are being established primarily for industry members, there is no reason why CoPs cannot form around academic or research issues and we welcome ideas and suggestions for the formation of CoPs from our members. I am proud to have served the Society in this role and, as I step down, I’m happy that the Society is in good health, finances are President, continued from page 2 strong and the initiatives implemented over the last year will see the Society move forward. We have slightly expanded our membership over the past year and I expect further steady if unspectacular growth. I would like to add my sincere thanks to the other three outgoing Board members, Michael Schwarz, the immediate Past President and excellent mentor in the role, and Sandy Shumway and Luis Sampaio, retiring directors who have made valuable contributions to the Society during their terms on the Board. I wish the incoming President Rebecca Lochmann well in the role, although her tenure will be unfortunately short. I urge the new Board and President to maintain a focus on the goal of expanding the reach of the society by focusing on issues of communication and understanding the value proposition to non-members because I continue to believe that they are fundamental to finally driving some growth of the Society’s membership. — Graham Mair, President
4 JUNE 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG In Memoriam Harry Cook, 80, passed away on 13 April 2015. He was a giant in aquaculture and can be considered to be the “Father of Shrimp Farming in the Americas.” He was the first in the Americas to replicate the shrimp larval rearing experiments first conducted in Japan in the 1930s by Motosaku Fujinaga. Harry struck a tall and imposing figure, but was a kind and caring man with an inquiring mind, a gentle giant of aquaculture. He was a visionary who dreamed of starting an industry. Beginning in 1959, Harry Cook and Alice Murphy, working with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in Galveston, Texas, were successful in rearing Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Penaeus aztecus and Penaeus duorarum through the larval stages. Alice Murphy combined her skills as an algologist with Harry Cook’s natural talent as a biologist and culturist to achieve success. Their initial impetus was to be able to identify larval shrimp in plankton samples by rearing the larvae of the important commercial species of the Gulf of Mexico. An important early discovery by Harry Cook was the use of the metal chelator, EDTA, added to seawater for larval rearing. EDTA was beneficial for algae culture, so the idea was extended to larval rearing with considerable success. Harry Cook developed an intensive larval rearing system using conical bottom tanks with airlift pumps that kept larvae, feed and organic wastes in suspension, a technique that was later referred to as the “Galveston Method.” In 1969, after 10 years with the NMFS, Harry Cook saw an opportunity to take his dream to the next level by joining the Dow Chemical Company, in Freeport, Texas. At Dow, Harry established a shrimp hatchery, ponds, and a feed evaluation laboratory. I joined him there in 1970. At the time, there were no artificial diets available for shrimp. Harry recognized this as a major constraint to the development of shrimp farming. Harry established a feed testing laboratory where diets could be tested under controlled conditions. The first trials were with available feeds. Purina Cat Chow was tried because it was extruded and water stable. It outperformed other diets, so Ralston Purina was contacted to see if they were interested in developing diets for shrimp. Purina recognized this as a huge business opportunity and soon developed its own shrimp farming project in Florida. Water exchange rate was one of the first trials conducted. To our great surprise, the lowest water exchange rate gave the best results. The water was heavily fouled with suspended organic matter, which favored shrimp growth. We noted that shrimp intestines were full even before feed was offered. This amounted to the first observation of organic floc as related to shrimp nutrition. Low water exchange became the standard for further diet evaluation studies. The Dow shrimp farming project was located inside the chemical plant alongside a salt water canal, next to an experimental desalination plant. Dow wanted to know if copper was toxic to shrimp and at what levels. We discovered that copper was not toxic to juvenile shrimp at any of the levels tested. Oysters and fish were not so lucky. The fungus Lagenidium was first observed in the Dow hatchery and became a serious problem. We used copper to control the fungus with no ill effect on shrimp. From the Dow hatchery, PLs were supplied to the first shrimp farm in Latin America, the Armour-United Fruit project in Honduras. PLs were also sent to the Texas Parks and Wildlife facility in Palacios, Texas, managed by Bill More. The first shrimp farming project of Texas A&M University near Angleton, Texas, established by Hoyt Holcomb and Jack Parker, was also supplied with PLs. After a few years with Dow Chemical, Harry Cook was presented with an opportunity to take his vision of shrimp farming to a wider audience. He joined the United Nations — Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as a shrimp farming advisor. Harry Cook saw this emerging technology as having great potential value for application in tropical developing nations. Harry worked with local farmers and governments to develop shrimp hatcheries and farms, with the idea of stimulating economic development in depressed rural areas in tropical countries. He worked in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia. After more than 10 years with the FAO, Harry dreamed of starting his own shrimp farm in Texas. The farm was a success at first, but later fell victim to a heretofore unknown disease, namely NHP. By the late 1980s, the disease outbreak ended his dream of having his own shrimp farm. In 1981, Henry Clifford and I established Tropical Mariculture Technology, Inc. (TMT). In our effort to become established, we contacted Harry Cook, who offered a consulting assignment to me in Malaysia. We were successful in breeding in captivity the local species of shrimp at a facility in Penang, a first for Asia. In 1989, Harry Cook joined the TMT team, working on our projects in Cartagena and Tumaco, Colombia, and in Venezuela. His long and broad experience proved very valuable in developing a number of shrimp farming projects in those countries. I will be forever grateful to Harry Cook for giving me my first job in aquaculture. I deeply respect and recognize the Father of Shrimp Farming in the Americas, Harry Cook. I owe him a debt of gratitude for my start in the business and everyone in the industry around the world should as well. — Harvey Persyn Harry Cook (1934-2015) — Gentle Giant of Aquaculture
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 5 Harry Cook was indeed a gentle giant of aquaculture. Bob Rosenberry conducted an excellent telephone interview with Harry Cook in 2007 and published it in Shrimp News International. The interview has a lot of personal details about Harry’s career. I was fortunate to have worked with Harry in Texas until 1988 and all who knew him profited from Harry’s experience and knowledge. TAMU had stocked P. setiferus from Chris Howell’s hatchery in Panama City, FL into a 136-acre brackishwater lake at Ben Nelson’s farm on Smith’s Point, near Galveston. Some interesting results were obtained. Since Chris Howell’s hatchery was the main PL source in the US at the time, Harry stocked P. setiferus in 1985. At one point Harry Cook’s Ocean Ventures group worked with P. stylirostris, but IHHN limited the production, so P. vannamei was selected as the species of choice. Oysters were also grown in the shrimp ponds, suspended in plastic bread trays. Harry was always trying something different to improve production on the farm. Harry treated everyone with respect and was always cordial and friendly. When Harry returned from Asia he built a number of 1-ha rectangular ponds that worked like raceways. He placed a 2-hp paddlewheel on one end and forced the water to flow through two plastic barriers and return along the sides. Harry worked on the Ocean Venture’s Wolf Point shrimp farm, the 120-acre King Ranch shrimp farm and the 1,100-acre Southern Star Shrimp Farm. Harry lived and worked on the farm with his family. It was indeed heart-breaking to see the farm hit by NHP in 1988. We didn’t have a clue what it was and it wasn’t described until sometime later. Harry developed a shrimp harvesting technique using specialized framed nets that were hoisted to the pond bank after they gravity-flow filled with shrimp. The flow could be turned off when the boxes were changed. Harry was always trying something different on the farm and this harvest technique was one that he designed trying to make the harvest easier and more efficient. In 2005, Harry very graciously donated his personal library to the mariculture program at TAMU-Corpus Christi. After Bob Rosenberry’s published interview with Harry in 2007, it really struck home with me that he was a truly an honorable and great man. Harry was awarded an Honorary Lifetime Membership by WAS in 2008 but was unable to attend the conference to receive the award because he was having trouble walking at that time. Harry Cook was indeed a gentle giant of Aquaculture and will be missed by the aquaculture community. — Granvil Treece Although I was already familiar with many of Harry’s seminal publications in shrimp farming, including an FAO Shrimp Farming Manual from 1978 that served as my early “bible” of shrimp farming, my first formal introduction to Harry Cook was in 1990 when he joined Tropical Mariculture Technology (TMT), the shrimp farming consulting company I co-founded with Harvey Persyn in 1981. Harry’s first assignments were in Colombia, where he assisted us in modernizing eight semi-intensive shrimp farms located on the Pacific and Atlantic (Gulf) coasts of Colombia. Borrowing from his earlier developmental work on one of the first shrimp farm management software programs, Harry was instrumental in introducing modern-day data management into the daily operating protocols of shrimp farms in the Americas. Thanks to his many years of previous experience, Harry was an astute problem solver, which was a necessary skill for any pioneering shrimp farmer. At each shrimp farm where Harry worked, he left a lasting and favorable impression among the local producers. Harry was an exceptional ambassador, carrying American knowhow and goodwill overseas to many shrimp farming nations grateful to receive technical assistance from such a recognized and respected expert. And he welcomed an opportunity to live in remote, exotic corners of the globe, with nary a complaint about a lack of modern amenities. In 1992 Harry Cook and I formed a new consulting company (C & C Aquaculture Services), based on existing technical management contracts that each of us had obtained in Nicaragua and Venezuela. Our success in those countries led to additional projects in Brazil and Mexico, including Maritech and Super Shrimp, which at the time was the world’s largest supplier of disease-free SPF post-larval shrimp. At Super Shrimp, Harry played an integral role in the firm’s technical support team, which provided valuable technical assistance to more than 100 shrimp farms throughout Mexico. But it was physically demanding work, sometimes requiring walking many miles on 2000+ acre shrimp farms to access ponds, arduous work that eventually took its toll on Harry, and in 1999 he reluctantly retired to the US for medical reasons. During this period (1997-1999), Harry and I co-authored a regular column in Aquaculture Magazine on shrimp farm management, which provided practical, technical advice to shrimp farmers around the world. One of Harry’s last contributions to the aquaculture community was as an expert witness (for the defense) in the Ecuadorian shrimp industry’s ultimately unsuccessful lawsuit against Dupont. Perhaps even more impressive than Harry’s many career achievements was his modest, self-effacing reluctance to celebrate his many notable accomplishments. In contrast to many of today’s self-anointed “pioneers” who glorify their relatively modest contributions to aquaculture, Harry Cook was a man who truly accomplished noteworthy success in a global arena while intentionally understating his achievements. It was a refreshing rarity to encounter such a humble, soft-spoken personality in a man who had indeed realized remarkable feats but who was loathe to boast about them. In his presence, one would never realize the greatness that resides in this gentle giant of a man. — Henry Clifford It was a refreshing rarity to encounter such a humble, soft-spoken personality in a man who had indeed realized remarkable feats but who was loathe to boast about them. In his presence, one would never realize the greatness that resides in this gentle giant of a man.
6 JUNE 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Lifetime Achievement Award to Douglas Drennan In an emotional moment during the plenary at Aquaculture America, USAS President Kathleen Hartman presented a Lifetime Achievement Award to Douglas Drennan, accepted by Catherine, Doug’s widow, and their three children, to extended applause and a standing ovation from the assembly. Douglas received a Master’s degree from Mississippi State University, worked as the aquaculture specialist for Mississippi Delta Community College and then for the Civil Engineering Aquatic Systems Laboratory at Louisiana State University. In 1995, he founded Aquaculture Systems Technologies, LLC. Until the time of his death, he served as Managing Member and President of Aquaculture Systems Technologies, LLC and as General Manager of Aquaculture Supply, LLC. He had a longterm commitment to the aquaculture industry, especially on the suppliers’ side. He promoted aquaculture as a teaching tool to secondary and vocational schools and worked closely with several schools in the New Orleans area. He authored several peer-reviewed publications and numerous conference papers and presented scientific papers at national and international conferences. He had been a member of WAS since 1987 and served as Vice-President of the U.S. Aquaculture Society in 2002, Director in 2003 and 2004 and became President-Elect in 2008, President in 2009 and Immediate Past-President in 2010. Since then, he served as an industry liaison and coordinated student trips at the annual meetings. He was also a member of the American Tilapia Association and the Aquacultural Engineering Society. He was elected to the Board of Directors of the U.S. Aquaculture Suppliers Association in 1997 and was serving his final year as President of that organization at the time of his untimely passing. In 1998, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the National Aquaculture Association and was serving his second term on the board when he died. As a member of the NAA board of directors, he twice served as chairman of the Auction Committee and was the chairman of the Research and Product Development Committee. He also served as a member of the WAS Long Range Planning Committee from 1999 until his passing. Distinguished Achievement Award to Leslie Sturmer Few people in fisheries and aquaculture can lay claim to fundamentally changing a community for the better the way that Leslie has in Cedar Key, Florida. In less than 20 years, a diverse team led by Leslie saved the small fishing village of Cedar Key from economic depression caused by closure of the traditional gill net fishery. She did this by working with the community and government to develop the state’s clam farming industry. Clam farming is now Florida’s most lucrative marine aquaculture industry, with a statewide economic impact of about $53 million. Cedar Key produces more than 90 percent of the state’s total clam crop, with an annual farm gate value of $17.8 million. The industry now grows about 175 million clams per year and provides the Cedar Key area with more than 550 jobs. Leslie routinely deals with a diverse industry (more than 250 shellfish growers, 10 seed suppliers, 50 shellfish wholesalers and numerous related businesses) in more than 14 counties along Florida’s coast. She works closely with the Cedar Key Aquaculture Association, the Statewide Clam Aquaculture Task Force and several professional associations, including as an ex officio member of the Board of Directors of the East Coast Shellfish Growers Association. Early Career Achievement Award for Chris Green Chris Green joined the LSU AgCenter Aquaculture Research Station about six years ago with a focus on physiology and related aspects of aquaculture science. To date, he has 26 peer-reviewed articles published or in press, 6 book chapters, 5 popular or extension publications and over 66 presentations at professional conferences. Chris has directed four graduate students and has been successful in obtaining funding to build his research program. He has contributed significant time to support professional organizations such as the USAS, for which he served as Conference Program Chair in 2010 and 2011. He has organized six professional meetings or symposia in recent years and has served on the WAS Student Activities Committee since 2007. Student Spotlight Awards Three students received travel awards from USAS for best abstract and then competed for a Spotlight Award by making a short oral presentation at the opening plenary session. The Spotlight Award winner was Haitham Mohammed from Auburn University, Alabama. His presentation was titled “Efficacy of Black Seed Nigella sativa and its Oil Extract Against Columnaris Disease.” Another Spotlight Award presenter was Julieann Jacobs from University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, who made a presentation on “The Use of Paracoccus pantotrophus to Reduce Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Commercial Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas Ponds in Arkansas.” Stephen G. Stowell from the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Environmental Science, SUNY-Cobleskill was the third Spotlight Award winner, presenting “Alternate Day Feeding: An Effective Strategy for Producing Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis Stockers.” USAS Awards at Aquaculture America in New Orleans USAS Spotlight Award Winners. From left, USAS President Kathleen Hartman, Julieann Jacobs, Stephen Stowell, Haitham Mohammed and USAS Vice-President David Cline.
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 7 • Tyson Foods Best Abstract Award to James Hill (UNCWilmington). • Joint USAS/AFS Fish Culture Section Travel Award to Paula Caldentey (Mote Marine Laboratory). • Pentair Recirculating Aquaculture Award to Lisa Bott (Auburn). • RAS Yellowbook Student Travel Awards to Kailey James (ISU) and Evelyn Willmon (Auburn). • Soy Aquaculture Alliance Travel Awards to Megan Kemski (OSU) and Artur Nishioka Rombenso (SIU). Other Student Award Winners • USAS Best Oral Presentation to Hisham Abdelrahman (Auburn) and Waldemar Rossi (Texas A&M). Hisham Abdelrahman went on to compete in the Alltech Young Scientist Program and came in third in the North American Regional competition. • USAS Best Poster Presentation to Timothy J. Bruce (South Dakota State University) and Zachary A. Kupchinsky (KSU). • Sea Grant Best Paper to Sergio Castillo (Texas A&M). This quarter, disease outbreaks are still the serious issue facing shrimp farmers. WSSV infections have significantly affected cultured shrimp in Brazil and Indonesia. Some big farms have had serious outbreaks and WSSV has spread. India has been seriously impacted by a new bacterial disease called “White Patch Disease” (WPD), which begins gradually and then quickly results in mortalities of more than 70 percent within 3-5 days. Indian researchers have identified a rod-shaped bacterium (Bacillus cereus) to be the cause of WPD. In working on APA 2016 in Surabaya, Indonesia, we have great support from the government and the private sector. The training program in Iran for Advances in Shrimp Farming went well and we are now trying to finalize a regional aquaculture show in Tehran, Iran, in December of this year. We have new Board members of APC arriving and a few leaving. I would like to say thanks to Wayan and Lukas for their support sand welcome new board members Allen Wu and Dr. Felix. — Farshad Shishehchian, President Asian Pacific Chapter CHAPTER REPORTS World Aquaculture 2015 took place from May 26-30 in Jeju, Korea, which became the global capital of aquaculture for a short period of time. I have always been amazed at how well organized the Koreans are and I would like to congratulate Charles Bai and his team for surprising us, in every sense of the word. Korea is a country that, in addition to being one of the most futuristic and advanced in the world, still keeps its typical warmth and tradition. The Latin American and the Caribbean region has special ties with Korea and I am sure that any of our members who attended the meeting felt more than welcome in the lovely paradise of Jeju. The conference was an opportunity to exchange professional experiences with extremely well-prepared scientists who are always willing to share their work and looking for international collaborations. Korea allowed the world to appreciate the modern technologies that are being applied to aquaculture in the country and expose participants to the long tradition of its exquisite seafood cuisine. Korea amazed us with its technology and beauty and the result was a historical event. Specifically on LACC affairs, I would like to remind our membership that we will be holding an election prior to our next LACQUA event. We will be electing a president-elect, treasurer and one director of the board, as well as voting on some changes to our bylaws. Please contact our LACC office (lacc@was.org) to nominate a friend or yourself to any of these positions for the next term. I encourage all members to participate more actively in the Chapter and continue to help develop aquaculture in the region. It has been a great experience for me and I have learned tremendously from all members of the current board. The amount of effort and dedication that the Board has put in to making things happen in recent years is really inspiring. I am sure that the new members will join us and keep the energy high during the years to come. Again a short reminder to mark your calendars: LACQUA 15 is just around the corner. This year LACQUA will take place in the Convention Center of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, from 16-19 November in coordination with FENACAM 2015. This event will close our first three-year cycle of conferences. It is most probable that we will start our second three-year cycle holding LACQUA 16 in Peru and continue consolidating LACQUA as the bestquality aquaculture event in the region. Do not forget to join us in Ceará. For any further information please consult www.was.org or www.was.org/lacc. We look forward to receiving your abstracts, attending your talks and exchanging our experiences soon. — Antonio Garza de Yta, President Latin American and Caribbean Chapter
8 JUNE 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG CHAPTER REPORTS U.S. Aquaculture Society It is with great excitement that I begin my first year as President of the United States Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society (USAS). I am thankful to the membership for giving me this opportunity and I am committed to working closely with the Board to enhance membership benefits while keeping the society in sound fiscal shape. I am extremely grateful that for the past 20 years I have enjoyed the benefits of USAS membership and participation in the annual Aquaculture America meetings. Attending these meetings has enabled me to expand my professional network, identify opportunities for grant development, publish in the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society (JWAS) and make new friends and colleagues while catching up with old ones from around the globe. The benefits of USAS membership cannot be overestimated. When I first became a member, I did not realize that behind the scenes were so many people volunteering their time and energy to keep the chapter moving forward. In a busy world it is easy to take service and volunteerism lightly, however the success of an organization such as the World Aquaculture Society requires each of us to step up and do our part. I am looking forward to those challenges and opportunities! The US Chapter had an incredibly productive 2014 under the thoughtful leadership of Kathleen Hartman. I cannot speak highly enough of her commitment and drive to improve the chapter. She was responsible for implementing a number of initiatives during the past year, including the expansion of industry support for six new student travel awards, the development of the Douglas Drennan II award that recognizes leadership in industry and the partnership of USAS with the Alltech Young Scientist Program. The US Chapter is fortunate to have her enthusiasm for another year as Past-President and the WAS is equally lucky to have her as a new Board member. Kathleen will be chairing our Elections Committee and will be soliciting nominations for President-Elect, Vice President, and two Member-at-Large positions this summer. Please consider serving in a Board position; it is an incredibly rewarding experience. There are also some notable departures from the Board this year. Reg Blaylock has served on the Board for the past six years, first as a Member-at-Large and then as the Secretary/Treasurer over the last two terms. His leadership of the Finance Committee was instrumental in the long-term financial planning and sustainability of the chapter. We currently have a stable portfolio of short-term and long-term investments totaling $262,000 thanks to his team’s thoughtful planning. These funds will allow us to further invest in member benefits, such as travel awards as well as education and training classes at our annual meetings. Steve Rawles served as a Member-at-Large on the Board and chaired subcommittee on Continuing Education and has coordinated the last three statistics courses held in partnership with AFS-FCS at the annual meetings. Steve continues to serve as chair of the Continuing Education subcommittee and is developing a plan for additional continuing educational opportunities for members. Chris Bentley served as a Member-at-Large and was chair of our Promotions and Membership Committee. Chris was responsible for much of the promotion associated with our 25-year anniversary celebration in New Orleans. Matt Hawkyard was our Student Liaison and did an exemplary job coordinating all of the student events, which had record student attendance at Aquaculture America 2015. He also continues as a member of the Student Activities Committee and will help to provide some continuity. If you get the opportunity to do so, please thank these individuals for their dedication to the betterment of our chapter. Our 2015 Board of Directors includes Gef Flimlin as President-Elect, Gulnihal Ozbay as Secretary/Treasurer, and Kwamena Quagrainie and Dave Straus as Members-at-Large. They join Dave Cline as Vice President, and Amy Stone and Luke Roy, the other Members-at-Large. Also joining the board is Jonathan Van Senten as Student Liaison and Evan Durland as Student Apprentice (see table). Please help these folks by serving on a committee, or by judging student abstracts and presentations at the next meeting. In addition, all Board members are looking for students to serve on our numerous and diverse committees. 2015-2016 USAS Executive Board President Mike Denson President-Elect Gef Flimlin Vice-President David Cline Secretary/Treasurer Gulnihal Ozbay Immediate Past-President Kathleen Hartman Member at Large Luke Roy Member at Large Amy Stone Member at Large Kwamena Quagrainie Member at Large Dave Straus Student Liaison (ex-officio) Jonathan Van Senten Student Apprentice (ex-officio) Evan Durland The benefits of USAS membership cannot be overestimated. When I first became a member, I did not realize that behind the scenes were so many people volunteering their time and energy to keep the chapter moving forward. In a busy world it is easy to take service and volunteerism lightly, however the success of an organization such as the World Aquaculture Society requires each of us to step up and do our part. I am looking forward to those challenges and opportunities! (CONTINUED ON PAGE 72)
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 9 HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH FENACAM 2015 For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org Lacqua15 WAS ad.indd 1 1/28/15 9:41 AM
10 JUNE 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG aquaculture volume in the country. Farming of both species is carried out predominantly in northeast Brazil, which accounts for 1/3 of the country’s total aquaculture production. The objectives of this article are to provide an overview of shrimp and tilapia culture in northeast Brazil and present the trends that have culminated in the recent phase of expansion. History and Species Northeast Brazil has over 3,000 km of coastline, with tropical temperatures of 26-28 C throughout the year. Coastal land in rural areas is widely available and still poorly explored. Much of the economy in these areas relies on tourism or primary production activities such as artisanal fisheries, salt production, aquaculture and rainfed or irrigated agriculture. In upper states of the northeast, towards the Amazon, water is abundant and large-scale soybean and cattle production are conducted. However, in much of the Shrimp and tilapia production has accelerated in northeast Brazil in recent years, driven by increasing domestic demand and improvements in farming technology. Although early developments in aquaculture in the country date to the 1930s, with success of induced spawning of native freshwater fish, commercial aquaculture only started to expand in the 1990s with the introduction of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the Chitralada strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In this period, aquaculture began to achieve industrial scale, with national production increasing from 87,674 t in 1997 to 278,129 t in 2003 (IBAMA 2008). In the succeeding ten years, production grew at an average annual rate of 6.5 percent, reaching 476,521 t in 2013 (IBGE 2014). In 2014, tilapia and shrimp production was estimated to have reached 207,400 and 90,000 t, respectively (Fig. 1). This corresponded to more than 60 percent of the total harvested Overview and Latest Developments in Shrimp and Tilapia Aquaculture in Northeast Brazil Alberto J.P. Nunes and Itamar de Paiva Rocha FIGURE 1. Annual production of farm-raised marine shrimp and tilapia in Brazil since 2003. Tilapia and shrimp production estimates are from FAO and ABCC (Brazilian Shrimp Farmers Association), respectively. Data for 2015 are estimates. FIGURE 2. Several red strains of tilapia have been evaluated in Brazil (A) but commercial culture consolidated using the Thai-Chitralada Nile strain (B). Photos: Alberto Nunes. A. B.
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • JUNE 2015 11 exclusively in feeding trays for strict control over feed inputs. In 2003, intensification was disrupted by outbreaks of Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) disease. Today shrimp stocking densities can range from 30 to as many as 70 PLs/m2 but can be 15 PLs/m2 or less in ponds without artificial aeration. However, annual yields continue to increase. This has been achieved by faster production cycles and shorter intervals between crops. The average crop duration is 70 days, with yields of 800 to 4,000 kg/ha/crop and three or more crops per year. Annual yields depend on shrimp survival, growth rates and the targeted market size of the shrimp. The farm’s ability to mechanically aerate pond water and to continually apply bioremediation products to water and soil have also been keys to improved results. Nursery Systems Shrimp farming in Brazil has been traditionally carried out in a two-stage cycle. The approach usually involves acclimating post-larvae (PL10) from 5 to 15 days in nursery tanks before transfer to ponds. Nursery tanks are usually round and constructed of concrete, fiberglass or flexible PVC laminate. These tanks are usually 1.2 m high with volumes of 50-80 m3. They are configured with a central drain and continuously aerated with diffusers served by air blowers (Fig. 4A). Similar to some other countries in Latin America, shrimp farmers prolong the nursery phase to stock larger and more resistant PLs in ponds, from 50 to 70 PLs/g to 4 to 6 PLs/g (Figs. 4A and 4C). This has been attempted by 1) installing skimmers in nursery tanks to remove excess nitrogen and suspended organic matter in water, 2) controlling water temperature and phytoplankton blooms by shading tanks with black plastic, 3) size-grading post-larvae prior to stocking, 4) shifting from starter to post-larval diets, which are more nutrient-dense and digestible and 5) adding an additional culture phase after the nursery using lined ponds near grow-out ponds (Figs. 4D and 4E). So far, this has allowed farmers to shorten grow-out cycles by 15 days or more and improve final survival by 20 percent. region, a semi-arid climate prevails. In dry inland areas, there are man-made reservoirs to mitigate the effects of scarce rainfall and extended droughts. Constructed dams are primarily used to store freshwater for human and animal consumption, but also to serve for crop irrigation, fisheries, aquaculture and other economic activities. With a good ground transportation and communications infrastructure, the region has good access to the extensive agro-industrial base and the major consumer markets in Brazil. These conditions have long been considered ideal for aquaculture development. However, it was only in 1973 that a milestone of shrimp farming took place in Brazil when the “Shrimp Project” was created in Rio Grande do Norte state. Over the following two decades, farmers experimented with several different species, including the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus and the native Southern brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus subtilis. Consolidation of commercial culture came in the mid-1990s when industrially compounded aquafeeds and hatchery-produced postlarvae of L. vannamei became available. Tilapia (Congo tilapia Tilapia rendalli) was first introduced in northeast Brazil in 1957. In 1971, the federal government introduced Nile tilapia Oreochomis niloticus and Zanzibar tilapia Oreochromis urolepis hornorum as part of a breeding program. Starting in the 1980s, several tilapia strains were introduced. However, in the mid-1990s, feed-based tilapia aquaculture in smallvolume cages started to develop in the region with red strains and the Thai-Chitralada Nile strain (Fig. 2). Today the Chitralada strain dominates production in the northeast, although farmers continue experimenting with other strains with narrow success. Shrimp Aquaculture Farm Performance Between 1998 and 2003, shrimp farmers in northeast Brazil increased annual yields from an average of 1,678 kg/ha to 6,084 kg/ha (Nunes et al. 2011). This was achieved through successive incremental increases in shrimp stocking density, use of paddlewheel aeration (Fig. 3) and the delivery of feeds (CONTINUED ON PAGE 12) FIGURE 3. Paddlewheel aeration is a common practice on shrimp farms in northeast Brazil. It has been successfully used to enhance shrimp yields in ponds of all sizes, in older (A, Aquacrusta Marina farm) and newer operations (B, Potiporã Aquacultura Farm). Photos: Mauricio Albano and Queiroz Galvão Alimentos S.A. A. B.
12 JUNE 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Post-Larvae and Genetics In recent years, hatcheries have significantly increased production to keep pace with demand, the result of a greater number of crops per year at the farm level. Today, there are about 18 operational shrimp hatcheries in northeast Brazil, with aggregate production that exceeds 1.5 billion PLs/mo. More than half of PL production in northeast Brazil originates from hatcheries that produce more than 150 million PLs/mo. At this scale, hatcheries are part of or have direct business involvement with grow-out farms. As a result, they are more capable of making investments in genetic improvement programs (Fig. 5). Because the Pacific whiteleg shrimp is not native to the Brazilian coast, there was speculation that inbreeding problems could occur if new stocks were not introduced. The last official introduction of L. vannamei in Brazil occurred in 2006 by a privately-owned hatchery to develop a new line of SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) shrimp. However, in a different approach, in 2004, another commercial hatchery started to develop local stocks to be IMNV-resistant and tolerant to stress factors (salinity, stocking density and hypoxia). The survival of these shrimp in commercial operations has been enhanced, even during challenging periods. This has driven new investments in similar breeding programs by other hatcheries, with a focus on tolerant shrimp to improve survival, other than disease-free stocks with a focus on growth. A. B. FIGURE 4. A typical shrimp nursery tank in northeast Brazil with protein skimmers in the back (A). Shrimp are stocked at 10-25 PLs/L, depending on targeted size at harvest. Use of automatic feeding, plastic covering, biofloc enriched-water (B, C) and lined ponds (D, E) represents a trend towards producing juvenile-size shrimp prior to starting grow-out. Photos: Celm Aquicultura S.A. and Alberto Nunes. C. D. E.
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