VOLUME 44, NUMBER 4 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY DECEMBER 2013 W RLD AQUACULTURE Responsible Aquaculture
Trusted, Sustainable Nutrition for Aquaculture Our chicken meals and fats are a safe and proven ingredient source for the aquaculture industry. • Nutritionally sound • Readily available sources • Accurate track and trace of products • Raw materials from USDA-inspected facilities • Reduced formulation cost © 2012 Tyson Foods, Inc. Tyson is a registered trademark of Tyson Foods, Inc. 24802903-0011 Tyson Animal Nutrition Group +1 (800) 950-2344 infotangroup@tyson.com www.tysonanimalnutritiongroup.com
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2013-2014 Dr. Michael Schwarz, President Dr. Graham Mair, President-Elect Dr. Kevan Main, Past President Dr. Rebecca Lochmann, Secretary Dr. William Daniels, Treasurer DIRECTORS Dr. Jimmy Avery Dr. Juan Pablo Lazo Dr. Luís André Sampaio Dr. Sandra E. Shumway Dr. Francisco Gomes Mr. Roy Palmer CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Lukas Manomaitis, Asian Pacific Kevin Hopkins, USAS Antonio Garza de Yta, Latin America and Caribbean Ik-Kyo Chung, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. E-mail: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves01@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2013, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 44 NO. 4 DECEMBER 2013 Cover: Grading tilapia for shipping to a fee-fishing operation, Minas Gerais, Brazil. PHOTO: JOÃO MANOEL CORDEIRO ALVES. 8 High-Value Aquaculture Finfish Symposium Roy Palmer 12 ISTA 10: Tenth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Kevin Fitzsimmons 14 Perspectives on the Responsible Aquaculture Movement Claude E. Boyd, Julio Queiroz, and Aaron McNevin 23 The Current Status of Aquaculture and Aquafeed Production in Bangladesh Mamun-Ur-Rashid, Ben Belton, Michael Phillips and Manjurul Karim 30 Fish Escapes from Cage Aquaculture in the Mediterranean Pablo Sanchez-Jerez 36 The Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center Carl D. Webster 42 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Implants Induce Spawning in Female Yellowtail Kingfish Seriola lalandi S. Muncaster, S.M.J. Pether, I. Van de Ven, A. Marchant, G. Irvine, S.L. Johnson, P. Rosengrave, P.M. Lokman and J.E. Symonds 46 Environmental Impacts of Carp Pond Farming on Discharged Water Quality Lucie Vseticková, Zdenek Adámek, Milos Rozkosny and Pavel Sedlácek 50 Cuttlefish Culture at CCMar: Toward Species Diversification in Aquaculture António V. Sykes, Rui A. Gonçalves, Cátia Silva, Paulo A. Frias, Irene L. Segovia, Ana R. Oliveira, Alexandra Alves, Cláudia Aragão, Laura Ribeiro, Peter Hubbard, Eduardo Barata, Catarina Oliveira and José P. Andrade 56 Global Macroalgae Aquaculture with Reference to Potential in Turkey Gamze Turan 64 Effect of Tannin Treatment on the Hatching of Common Carp and Wels Catfish Eggs Z. Bokor, B. Csorbai, I. Ittzés , D. Ács, B. Urbányi and F. Fodor (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)
2 DECEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG President’s Column Well, here I sit, soaring at 35,000 feet, on my way home after several productive days involved with aquaculture development in Baja California, Mexico. I am quickly reminded of my recent trip to Villavicencio, Colombia to attend LACQUA 2013, the annual meeting of the Latin America and Caribbean Chapter of WAS. In addition to a well-developed program and excellent tradeshow attendance and representation, the meeting attracted over 500 participants, despite logistical difficulties in reaching this wonderful location. Villavicencio is about a threehour drive southeast of Bogota, in the margins where rain from the Andes mountains create tremendous cascading rivers destined for the Amazon River and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. As with my recent trip to Mexico and the meeting in Villavicencio, it is ever more evident that aquaculture is developing rapidly in the Americas as it is around the world. Furthermore, this development is occurring with increased interest and investment from currently unrelated and established industry sectors. Numerous global giants such as Lockheed Martin and the Dutch multinational corporation Philips are evaluating and engaging in opportunities with aquaculture, with a clear understanding that aquaculture is rapidly taking its rightful place among traditional agriculture sectors towards meeting our planet’s future demand for safe, sustainable, and nutritious food. These existing industry sectors are investing heavily in aquaculture R&D and, more importantly, are bringing to bear their own areas of expertise, such as materials sciences, engineering, biological and technological capacity, systems design, automation and control, management, among others. The engagement of these new stakeholders is helping revolutionize global aquaculture at accelerating rates and addressing many of the challenges of synergizing industrial-scale sustainable development. This clear trend is not limited to any particular region of the world. There are Fortune 100 companies bringing their skills and capacities into investments in arid land regions, nearshore and offshore zones, as well as land-based recirculating production systems. There is also integration of production systems with multitrophic aquaculture towards advancement of aquaculture and agriculture development, bringing new opportunities for socioeconomic and geopolitical stability and increased food safety and security. I also observe enhanced collaboration and integration globally among aquaculture sector stakeholders. There are more academic, government, and private sector entities reaching out to each other in recognition of common goals and objectives, and the recognition of strength by integration. This too is accelerating industrial development of our sector. With the success of the recent LACQUA 2013 meeting, WAS is following with meetings in Japan and Vietnam organized by the Asian-Pacific Chapter and the upcoming Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture in Abu Dhabi, of which WAS is a Foundation Partner. Shortly thereafter, the US Aquaculture Society, a chapter of WAS, will be holding its annual meeting February 9-12, 2014, in Seattle, Washington, a great location with strong aquaculture industries and of course excellent seafood dining opportunities at the famous Fisherman’s Wharf at the waterside. In June, WAS will also be holding a joint session with the Aquaculture Association of Canada at Aquaculture Canada 2014, June 1-4 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick. The joint session will focus on global aquaculture development and global climate change. Immediately after, on June 7-11, WAS will hold its annual meeting in Adelaide, Australia. This meeting is shaping up to be an astounding success under the mentorship of a strong Steering and Program Committee. I have already been reminded by my lovely wife, less than subtly, that while the majority of my overseas travels see me flying solo, she is already packing her bags and making plans to explore the wonderful treasures of Adelaide and beyond. By the time you read this we will be well into the holiday season. My parting note for this column is, although we all work devilishly hard towards the development of aquaculture, we also need to take time to appreciate the truly important aspects of life, such as family and friends. I feel truly blessed to call so many of you my friends and I look forward to the opportunity of meeting new ones. I am also very thankful for all of the hard work and support of the entire WAS Board, Home Office staff, and Executive Conference Services over this past year. Best wishes to each and every one of you for a safe and happy holiday season from me, my family, and all of us at the WAS Board, Home Office, and Executive Services, with warm regards as well for a safe and prosperous new year. — Michael Schwarz, President Contents (continued) Society 2 President’s Column 3 Asian Pacific Chapter Report 4 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Report 4 USAS Report 5 Korean Chapter Report 6 Editor’s Note 66 Advertisers’ Index 70 Calendar 71 Financial Report 72 Membership Application
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 3 By the time this is published in World Aquaculture, I will have already completed my term as current President of the Asian Pacific Chapter of WAS and started my term as Immediate Past President. Before I welcome the new APC Board, I would like to summarize progress of the APC during my (very) long term and thank those having an influential role in our successes. When I joined the APC Board after the APA2009 meeting in Kuala Lumpur, I don’t believe that I really had any idea what I was getting into. I knew that I wanted to serve WAS and felt that the appropriate place to do this was in the Asian Pacific Chapter but always had seen myself as first being on the APC Board as a Director, not coming in as President-Elect. Now, four years later, I have served as PresidentElect for one year and President for almost three. This has been a significant personal time commitment and I am looking forward to stepping back a bit into the position of Immediate Past President. I will continue to have an important role leading the Past President’s Committee, the Election Committee and as Chair of the Executive Advisory Council (EAC). I also am on the Steering Committee for World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju, Korea, so I will continue my service to WAS for some time to come. When I became President of APC after APA2011 in Kochi, India, I sat with the then new Immediate Past President, Roy Palmer, and discussed what we thought needed to happen to make the APC a stronger, larger and more influential chapter. We discussed finally setting our chapter borders, thought about creating Country Ambassadors and the formation of the EAC. The APC Board worked together to try several new ideas. As expected, some worked and some did not, but we learned a lot, and this is important as we strive to be more dynamic. The overall goal was to make the APC a more relevant and active chapter that worked to get new people on the APC Board and to create a conduit for APC members to advance to serve on the WAS Board. We also started to think about other ways to create value for chapter members through the organization and promotion of smaller events that don’t rise to the level of regional meetings like the Australasian and Asian Pacific Aquaculture conferences and trade shows. This idea led to several symposia during my term, with one in Al Ain, UAE (Arid Land Aquaculture) to recognize and encourage membership and aquaculture in this part of the APC region, and the other in Kagoshima, Japan (High Value Marine Finfish Aquaculture) to recognize the merging of the Asian Pacific and Japan Chapters and to show APC’s commitment to the Japanese aquaculture industry. We also reviewed and updated the APC Bylaws and brought our website up to date, both processes that continue. We were an important voice for change on the WAS Board, constantly pushing for more aggressive approaches to getting the “World” in WAS to be more of a reality. We want to see WAS as the organization that professional aquaculturists feel they should join, and to grow WAS, especially in the APC region. Those working on the APC Board are volunteers, but we were able to accomplish many things and I hope to see the continuation of many of these efforts and continual improvement in the years to come. In the near future, we hope to roll out a new website with additional functionality for APC members and to see the creation of an APC secretariat that will put a full-time emphasis on growing WAS in the APC region. Both should make WAS more relevant and useful to stakeholders in the region that is the largest source of aquaculture products in the world. As of this writing, the APA2013 Conference and Trade show has not yet happened in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, but I expect that it will have been a great success. I pushed hard for the meeting to be held in HCMC and, with the leadership of the (now) current President, Amrit Bart (who was also the Steering Committee Chair for this event), we have seen the expected size of this event grow. I would be remiss if I didn’t also mention the Australasian Aquaculture 2012 Conference and Trade Show that was held in Melbourne. We had another first for the APC Chapter there, where a pre-conference event on a simulated seafood health scare helped to bring keen minds together on how issues like this should be addressed in industry. So, some specific thanks are required before I finish my final report. Roy Palmer, who is now off the APC Board, has been a strong voice, tireless worker and constant touchstone for how we can make our chapter better. Wayne O’Connor, who will continue in the role of Secretary/Treasurer, has been a pleasure to work with and always ready to make the extra effort. (He is also the Program Manager for the APA2013 meeting.) Some specific APC Directors to thank are Ram Bhujel, Zuridah Merican, Gay Marsden and Mark Oliver. Each has significantly contributed to the evolution of our chapter into something that is being shaped for the future. I welcome the new President, Amrit Bart, the President Elect, Farshad Shishehchian and the new APC Board and hope that they can continue to build on the work that has been done to date. I look forward to continuing to serve on the Board until my Past-President term ends in two years and to be able to focus more on specific issues relative to committee work. Thank you again to everyone for their hard work during my (almost three-year) term and for allowing me to serve both the Asian Pacific Chapter and the World Aquaculture Society. It has been an honor and a privilege and I hope to see the APC and WAS continue to grow and improve in the future. — Lukas Manomaitis, President Asian Pacific Chapter CHAPTER REPORTS The APC Board worked together to try several new ideas. As expected, some worked and some did not, but we learned a lot, and this is important as we strive to be more dynamic.
4 DECEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG I am really excited about recent events that have happened in the Chapter. The Latin American and Caribbean Aquaculture (LACQUA) 2013 meeting in Villavicencio, Colombia, exceeded anything we could have ever predicted. During this first LACQUA event there were more than 500 participants from 23 countries; including approximately 200 producers. This event was the most important meeting in Spanish ever organized by the World Aquaculture Society, and one of the most significant in the region until today. Having the meeting with all presentations in Spanish is the most practical and simple way to integrate the industry by bringing together producers, academia and decision makers. This is the way the LACC can contribute to the real development of aquaculture in Latin America and the Caribbean region: putting all the stakeholders at the same table to set goals and discuss the structured development of the region. Before the conference the first meeting with the new members of the Board of Directors was held. The Board discussed the importance of continuing and strengthening LACQUA events, promoting and increasing membership and improving services to our members. To achieve these goals, it was agreed that LACQUA should be a meeting that emphasizes Spanish and/or Portuguese as its official language. We should become a more modern, organized and participatory chapter overall. During the meeting, chairs of the Elections, Rules and Regulations, Publications, Student, Awards and Promotion and Membership committees were appointed. Please get in touch with any member of the Board to participate on any of these committees. The Board also approved the budget, so we can offer to our members an online Spanish version of World Aquaculture magazine. The Chapter will be represented at the WAS mid-year board meeting in Vietnam, where specific proposals will be made, including creation of a regional secretariat position and restructuring of the affiliate agreements. I am sure everyone that took part in the LACQUA event was impressed by the quality of the presentations, the producers’ participation and the magnificent closing ceremony, which took place in a typical Colombian maloca. After the closing ceremony dinner, the LACC Chapter acknowledged the efforts of Pablo Emilio Cruz Casallas, Yohana Velasco Santamaría and Mauricio Medina Robles, the local organizers of the event who made everything possible, by awarding each with a 3-year membership to the World Aquaculture Society. We thank you and will be forever grateful. Hopefully you find what is happening as exciting as I do and decide to become an active part of the Chapter. To get involved please contact any of the Board members. I am really looking forward to see LACC grow; with your help and participation we will make this possible. — Antonio Garza de Yta, President The last two weeks have made me question why would anyone remains a fish farmer once they really know what it demands of a person and their family. The proximate cause of my funk was losing 1/3 of the sturgeon broodstock that we have been developing over the last two decades because of a pump failure, followed a week later by a power surge that destroyed the control systems for our back-up water supply. But a news story showing farmers in the Philippines already starting to rebuild their farms just days after the farms were destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan answered my question — we continue to farm because that is what we do. We are farmers (and I include all of our members, even those not directly on the farm). The satisfaction we get from growing things more than offsets the knowledge that we have as much chance growing rich from aquaculture as we do of winning the lottery. This is the time of the year that your Society’s officers and volunteers are working hard to finalize plans for our upcoming meeting, Aquaculture America 2014 in Seattle from 9-12 February 2014. We will have an excellent program in a beautiful city. The only real downside is that you will probably gain a few pounds from the amazing array of food options there. Details about Aquaculture America 2014 can be found on the WAS website. I hope to see you all in Seattle. In addition to the upcoming meeting, USAS has been working to make the Society more useful to current and potential members. Among other efforts, we have joined forces with AquacultureHub (www.aquaculturehub.org) to increase our presence on social networks to make useful aquaculture information more readily available. We are also starting the process to completely update our “traditional” website. If you have suggestions about materials that should be posted on either AquacultureHub or the USAS website, please let us know. I have been in the US aquaculture industry for many years. At the start of my career, the industry was primarily family farms (catfish, trout and crayfish), a few larger corporate operations, and hatcheries for restocking public waters. Education, research and development was almost totally dependent upon the largess (and forward thinking) of the federal government. We are maturing as an industry. Production has expanded, the number of species has increased and we are finally taking some of the responsibility for education support and our R&D needs. I am particularly happy that both the Soy Aquaculture Alliance and Novus International have joined Drs. Jim Ebeling and Mike Timmons (authors of the “yellow book” on Recirculating Aquaculture) on our roster of private firms supporting student travel. Industry support for education and research will need to increase because government support will, in all probability, continue to decrease. See you in Seattle! — Kevin Hopkins, President Latin American and Caribbean Chapter CHAPTER REPORTS U.S. Aquaculture Society
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 5 Korean Chapter Using blue carbon science in the seaweed aquaculture industry The Korean Chapter president, Prof. Ik Kyo Chung was invited to a workshop of the International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group on October 29-30 at the UNESCO offices in Paris, France. He presented a talk entitled of “Using blue carbon science in the seaweed aquaculture industry.” This workshop focused on remote sensing and mapping issues related to carbon and coastal ecosystems as part of the activities of the Blue Carbon Initiative, a global program working to mitigate climate change through the restoration and sustainable use of coastal and marine ecosystems. This event was funded by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) and coordinated by Conservation International, IUCN, and UNESCO. (thebluecarboninitiative.org/category/working-groups/scientific/) The world’s first mitochondrial genome of Pyropia tenera (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) Drs. Mi Sook Hwang, Seung-Oh Kim and Dong-Soo Ha at the Aquatic Plant Variety Center, NFRDI (President YoungHoon Chung) and Ms. Jee Eun Lee and Dr. Sang-Rae Lee at the Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University reported the complete mitochondrial genome of Pyropia tenera (‘chamgim’ in Korean) to the journal of Plant Biotechnology Reports in October, 2013 (link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11816-013-0281-4). Pyropia tenera mtDNA had a larger size (42,268 bp) than the mtDNA sequences of Porphyra and Pyropia (‘gim’ is the Korean common name) reported previously. The unique features of Pyropia tenera mtDNA include the complete sequence of red algal mtDNA for investigating mtDNA evolution and developing molecular markers for species identification. In addition, red algal mtDNA can provide useful information as a genetic reservoir for bioengineering. (Hwang et al. 2013. Complete sequence and genetic features of the mitochondrial genome of Pyropia tenera (Rhodophyta). Plant Biotechnology Reports 7:435-443.) The Second Steering/Program Committee Meeting for World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju The second meeting of the Steering and Program Committee for World Aquaculture 2015 was held on October 21 at ICC, Jeju, Korea. The meeting was attended by Jay Parsons, Program Co-Chair and Kwang-Sik Choi, Korea Co-Chair, Bill Daniels, WASSC, Jeong Yeol Lee, Ik Kyo Chung, Sukgeun Jung and Geun-Su Jang, Korean-SC, Roy Palmer and Sungchul Bai, PC, and John Cooksey and Mario Stael, WAS Conferences. Lukas Manomaitis, WAS-SC and Craig Browdy, IPC joined through Skype. During the session, the conference theme of “Aquaculture for Healthy People, Planet and Profit” was approved by the Steering Committee. There will be student contest for a logo using this theme. The tentative schedule, programs and other business matters were discussed. Mr. Young-Hoon Chung, New President of NFRDI The National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) welcomed its new president Mr. Young-Hoon Chung on August 27. The Korean Chapter welcomes him and expects a positive outcome from his creative and experienced leadership in the fisheries industry and research. (www.nfrdi.re.kr/page?id=en2_ sub400). Fisheries Disaster Research and Development Forum (NFRDI) NFRDI declared the launch of the Fisheries Disaster Research and Development Forum at Lotte Hotel Busan, Busan, Korea on October 10. There are four task-teams on harmful algal blooms, radioactivity, jellyfish and environmental extremes in the forum. More than 150 specialists attended the ceremony starting the forum. Aquaculture Business Start-up Technology Support Center (NFRDI) 2013 Annual Achievement Report The annual achievement report and meeting of the Aquaculture Business Start-up Technology Support Center, NFRDI was held on November 6-7 at the Arpina Hotel, Busan Korea. Information on government support policies, environmentally-friendly IMTA and prospects for the ornamental fishery and inland fisheries were introduced during the event. They shared information and know-how of startups. The Aquaculture Business Startup Technology Education in shellfish, crustaceans, algae and inland waters is provided by the Center. This education program started in 2005 and produced about 450 graduates working with 22 species by 2012. A total of 136 people working with 9 species completed education in this year. About half of the graduates are now in business and NFRDI promised to support graduates in the successful establishment of start-up businesses and in strengthening the Center’s activities. — Ik Kyo Chung, President CHAPTER REPORTS Photo: E. Macaya.
6 DECEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Editor’s Note I’m sure every aquaculturist in the world would agree that growing aquatic animals in water characterized this way is undesirable, but this is how the quality of water in future oceans is being described in response to stress from the triple threat of warming, acidification, and deoxygenation. The combination of factors can narrow water quality tolerance limits or increase sensitivity to pH or dissolved oxygen, affecting growth and survival, especially for sensitive larval and juvenile life-stages. There is only recent appreciation for the interaction among factors that combine to produce oceanic “hot spots” of vulnerability. A recent report summarized findings and provided recommendations to policy makers from the Third Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World, and the implications for coastal aquaculture and food security are profound. The oceans are currently absorbing about one-quarter of CO2 emitted each year but the capacity of the oceans to absorb additional CO2 is expected to decrease as the oceans become more saturated with the gas. Acidity of the oceans has increased by 26 percent, with pH declining from 8.2 to 8.1, since the start of the Industrial Revolution. If CO2 emissions continue at the current rate, pH is expected to decrease to 7.8 by 2100. Molluscan shellfish are among the groups of organisms most sensitive to ocean acidification because of the direct and corrosive effect of acidic conditions on the capacity to form shells and skeletons. This is particular true for the sensitive early life stages and problems are most common and apparent with larval development. Reduced calcification in juveniles and adults, resulting in reduced growth and survival, represents a clear and present danger to the future of global shellfish aquaculture. An article on the Slate website earlier this year asked the question “Are oysters doomed?” Perhaps not yet, but they are certainly threatened. The contribution of shellfish to overall global production is prominent. According to the FAO, 14.4 million metric tons of mollusks were produced in 2011, or 23 percent of total global aquaculture production. Ocean acidification also threatens the capacity of cultured shellfish to provide nutrient extractive and waste treatment ecosystem services that preserve and enhance the quality of coastal waters. Off the west coasts of Africa, South America and North America, there are natural upwelling areas where deep, naturallyacidic water upwells onto continental shelves and into coastal areas. The stratification boundary between undersaturated deep waters and saturated shallow water is progressively moving towards the ocean surface, increasing the frequency and extent of upwelling events. In upwelling areas, where waters are naturally more acidic, acidification, warming and deoxygenation interact synergistically to a greater extent than elsewhere. One such upwelling phenomenon has affected Taylor Shellfish, the largest shellfish grower in the US with about 5,000 ha of production areas. Their Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery is the largest oyster seed producer in the region, supplying 75 percent of all farms. In 2007-2008, upwelling caused losses of 6080 percent. Natural sets of oyster in Wallapa Bay, a major growing area, have failed or been paltry since 2005. In 2010, the company recognized that the problem was related to upwelling of acidic waters. The company has responded with short-, medium- and longterm approaches. In the short-term, to manage around the problem, hatchery practices were modified so that more larvae are produced when water quality is good (pCO2 < 400 ppm) and operations are curtailed when water quality is bad. Sodium bicarbonate was added to hatchery water to increasing buffering capacity. The depth of hatchery intakes was changed to withdraw water at 10 m rather than 30 m. This approach can avoid deep acidic water but increases the risk associated with harmful algal blooms. A monitoring program for CO2 and pH is key to inform short-term management decisions. In the medium-term, it may be possible to select for more resilient shellfish through a genetic improvement program, although the acidic selection environment is likely to be increasingly harsh. One of the problems with the effect of ocean acidification on shellfish aquaculture is that it is an assault that is superimposed on already acidic conditions in estuaries. Runoff and pollutants, especially from agriculture, are localized sources of acidification. The decomposition of organic matter in estuaries produces carbon dioxide, so increased organic matter in runoff can exacerbate the problem with ocean acidification. Estuaries are less buffered than seawater so the effects of ocean acidification are felt more profoundly there. Estuaries and coastal bays are also the locations for most shellfish aquaculture in the world and these productive zones are most vulnerable. Adding crushed shells to growing beds is one potentially effective approach to counteract the effects of localized, nearshore acidification. As is the case with many other effects of climate change, the most vulnerable human populations are located in coastal areas of developing countries, where there is a high dependence on marine resources for protein and livelihoods. How can management practices be modified to avoid impacts of ocean acidification and other stressors? In the long-term, reducing CO2 emissions is essential, although the effects of current CO2 levels are likely to be felt for many decades to come, even if CO2 emissions were stabilized at current levels. In the short to medium term, seawater monitoring programs, hatchery relocation and shell planting programs can be effective to work around the problem. Given current assaults on ocean health, growers around the world may be forced to become more active in defending their threatened livelihoods. Scientists too must stand up and be heard. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief “Hot, Sour and Breathless”
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 7 DOES!
8 DECEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG A symposium organized by the AsianPacific Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society on HighValue Aquaculture Finfish was held in Kagoshima, Japan from 15-18 October. The event was supported enthusiastically and meaningfully by the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, the National Sushi Association of Japan and the Japanese Aquaculture Society. Shunsuke Koshio of Kagoshima University was the key local organizer. The meeting was sponsored by the US Soybean Export Council, Ajinomoto Co Inc., Hayashikane Sangyo Co Ltd and Skretting Japan. Events such as this attract a small and specialized audience, enabling participants to network and openly discuss issues of mutual importance. Day 1 The beginning of the event coincided with International Rural Women’s Day and the participation of women in the conference was noteworthy. Setting the scene for the event, there were six speakers from six countries on the first day. I spoke about standards and certification and the importance and relevance of them in the area of high-value aquaculture. Dave Ellis is Research Manager for the Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) Industry Association and manages the ASBTIA/FRDC SBT Research program. Dave outlined the work that has been done in Australia on training to ensure that the sector is producing premium seafood. This stimulated discussion on training and education which, frankly speaking, is not discussed enough at seafood events. There is clear interest in vocational educational training and how it connects with higher level university opportunities. Atsushi Hagiwara, Marine Life Science and Biochemistry at Nagasaki University, spoke about the biology of zooplankton and applications to aquaculture. He raised the issue of freshwater versus saltwater rotifers and the inclusion of selenium as a booster. Much debate took place about private versus public hatcheries and the cost of fingerlings. Kim Changseob of Fishvil Company in Korea gave a lively talk about recirculating aquaculture systems, especially for eels, and this led to a discussion about the costs of establishing High-Value Aquaculture Finfish Symposium Roy Palmer a business based on this model and the comparative costs of various production systems. Tongjun Ren from the Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, gave an excellent update on the eel and turbot sectors in China. The enormity of the Chinese aquaculture industry is impressive. What has the rest of the world been doing while China has been working hard to establish such valuable aquaculture industries and products? Farshad Shishehchian, President and CEO of Blue Aqua International in Singapore and President-Elect of the WAS Asian-Pacific Chapter, closed the day’s proceedings with an excellent overview of high-value aquaculture and its challenges and opportunities. Day 2 On World Food Day, the skills and knowledge of sushi masters were on display at the International Sushi and Sashimi Festival in the Kagoshima Arena. Aiko Yamauchi of WWF introduced the Seriola and Cobia Aquaculture Dialogue, with the meeting in Kagoshima as one of the final steps in the standards development process. Daniel Benetti, University of Miami, talked of visiting the ‘Temple of Aquaculture’ in Japan and explained the status of research on high-value species in the Americas, especially in Panama. (The world-renowned Kinki University is now engaged in Panama to expand their knowledge on the propagation of Pacific tunas.) Dan also gave good insight into the future by describing operation of a cobia farm in Panama, which is highly automated and in submerged (SeaStation) cages. Serge Coneillie, Regional Manager for Alltech Japan, Korea and Philippines, highlighted the importance of global nutrition and commented that the world needs 650,000 t of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to ensure the recommended daily minimum requirement (250 g/capita). Serge added that feed for marine finfish without fishmeal and fish oil is possible. He estimates that replacing fishmeal with soybean and or cottonseed meal reduces cost by about 20 percent, but this would be offset ABOVE. Shunsuke Koshio of Kagoshima University was a key organizer of the symposium.
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 9 (CONTINUED ON PAGE 10) by the extra cost of replacing fish oil with algal oil. Craig Foster, CEO of Clean Seas Tuna, gave a full and frank assessment of the progress of his company’s involvement in the industry, indicating that many lessons have been learned but there was still a journey ahead. Craig was critical of the lack of transparency and information from suppliers, especially in the feed industry. He said that aquaculture farmers were not being afforded the same information as many other agricultural operators in the knowledge of the exact formulations of the feeds they were buying. He strongly advocates for an approach where feed formulations are based on farmers’ ability to manage risks, especially because feed companies expect farmers to accept those risks. Murat Yigit, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University in Turkey provided an overview of aquaculture activities in the Mediterranean region, with special emphasis on Turkey. The move offshore in Turkey appears to be paying dividends because they are becoming leaders in various technologies that deal with rougher offshore waters. Hisashi Yokoyama, Kyoto University, spoke about the flow of nitrogen through fish farms, leading to potential environmental impacts. Managing the water body, waste feed and utilization of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is his area of study. Stable isotope techniques show optimum levels of nitrogen and are used to estimate sources of nutrients for polycultured organisms and to confirm the effectiveness of IMTA. Sea cucumbers are an integral component of the experimental IMTA that is being evaluated. Akira Takeshita from Nippon Suisan, one of Japan’s largest seafood empires, highlighted the issues in producing and marketing high-quality products from aquaculture in Japan. Quality issues with discoloration and “burning” of flesh (called yakiniku in Japan) are two areas of active research. The emphasis is on taste and flavor quality, food safety and nutrition and strongly communicating the correct messages around the world. Masaaki Sano, Professor of Marketing at Kagoshima University, gave background on the importance and significance of farmed fish in the Japanese seafood market, modern characteristics of seafood consumption in Japan and present conditions of the retail market for seafood, including farmed fish. Among young Japanese, seafood is not enjoyed or consumed as much as by their parents’ generation. Many prefectural governments around Japan are making extra effort to promote seafood consumption in schools, emphasizing important nutritional benefits. Today we live in a ‘processed food’ world where so much marketing effort goes into promoting food items that are nutritionally not the best for human health. There is also strong marketing promotion of capsules, including those containing fish oils and vitamins. From the Kagoshima Fisheries Technology Development Center, Akinori Imamura explained the importance of Kagoshima in fisheries and aquaculture. In Japan the prefecture is ranked first for amberjack, kingfish, bluefin tuna and eel and second for kuruma shrimp. Total production from aquaculture in the area is about 60,000 t with a value of around ¥ 80,000 million (~US$800 million). The Center is operated by the prefectural government but they work with industry on issues that need attention. They are doing some fingerling work on amberjack and have created a traceability brand called ‘Born and Bred in Kagoshima.’ The Center is culturing milkfish that are then used as live bait by tuna fleets based in the area. Unfortunately the first days of our event (and the Sushi Festival) were affected by a massive typhoon that hit northern Japan and killed a number of people. This created travel problems that did not allow the attendance of former Minister Yoshio Yatsu. He was very keen to promote our event and is a firm believer in the future of aquaculture. He sent a message that was read out to the audience, including the concept that ‘aquaculture will change the diet of the world.’ The exhibition revealed all the associated businesses that connect to make this a large industry. Masayoshi Kazato, Director, AJSA Sushi Skills Institute finalized the Sushi Workshop with a history of sushi and some tips on making it. Day 3 Dong-Feng Deng from the Oceanic Institute, Hawaii started the day with a presentation on controlling quality of cultured fish by manipulating feed formulations. Clearly there are insufficient quantities of traditional ingredients to continue the supply of feeds as we know them and alternatives must be found. Recent research confirms the essential need for taurine in diets. Dong-Feng is evaluating the replacement of fishmeal by duckweed protein in shrimp feed. Duckweed meal can replace up to 50 percent of fishmeal in shrimp feed without any adverse effect on shrimp growth. Nutritional and sensory attributes of shrimp are not significantly affected by duckweed as a protein source. Jacques Gabauden, DSM Nutritional Products, Thailand gave an excellent presentation on the importance of the immune system of fish. He said “Research and practice shows that functional feeds containing selected additives have well-defined and strong effects on given physiological functions. The use of ABOVE. Fortuitously the International Sushi and Sashimi Festival coincided with the High-Value Aquaculture Finfish Symposium.
10 DECEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG these feeds must be part of a nutritional strategy contributing to the sustainability of aquaculture, higher productivity and enhanced resistance to infectious diseases. Understanding the interactions of functional components in the feeds and the biochemical and physiological functions of the animal is key for the further development of functional feeds.” Skretting ARC’s new representative in Japan, Manabu Seoka, gave a presentation on alternative resources for fish feeds. In yellowtail feeds, the use of fishmeal in diets has declined by 30 percent in the nine years since they started producing that feed in 2003. From the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Miyazaki, Masahiro Sakai discussed recent advances in detection of fish and shellfish pathogens with the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (known as LAMP) method. The LAMP method was first used in aquaculture to detect the fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda and since then has been used to detect many fish and shrimp diseases. Asumi Yamashita, Chief Fisheries Officer at Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, was in charge of disease diagnosis for cultured finfishes and other species and presented countermeasures for specific pathogens in Ehime. In yellowtail farming in Japan, almost all fishes stocked into sea cages are now vaccinated, mainly by injection with polyvalent vaccines. This has greatly decreased the number of cases of streptococcosis and iridovirus disease, both important diseases of yellowtail, and also improves feeding performance. Shigeru Miyashita, Kinki University opened with a short history of the university’s involvement in fisheries and aquaculture. Food was the basis of post-war reconstruction in Japan and “Farm the Seas!” was the directive from Koichi Seko, the founder of the university. In the early days the university did not fund research and faculty had to earn the money for research. Perhaps this is why they are still considered one of the strongest institutions in aquaculture, especially for tuna culture. Masakzu Oka, National Research Institute of Seikai, spoke about the status of wild stocks and aquaculture of Pacific bluefin tuna and summarized broodstock management and larviculture in national projects, research initiated by government and prospective research. He concluded by saying that the “wild stock situation is not good at present, so we urgently need to finalize the application of artificial seedlings for aquaculture industry. This takes time as there is a need to create a lineage with excellent traits. We are confident that through breeding we will be able to contribute to aquaculture development in the future.” Saichiro Yokoyama, Kagoshima University, a specialist on the nutritional physiology of aquatic animals, is working on effective artificial feeds. Kagoshima University has formed an alliance with the Fisheries Research Agency and Hayashikane Sangyo to develop feeds that have a specific hardness and texture (like gummi candy) and good palatability, enabling good growth and survival of bluefin tuna. Concluding the symposium was an excellent presentation by Akira Itoh, Maruha-Nichiro Seafoods, Inc. (MNSF), a fully integrated seafood company. The company entered the tuna aquaculture sector in 1985 by starting farms in Japan and Morocco. They eventually became the first private company (Kinki University was the first overall) to produce fingerlings and have success closing the life cycle of Pacific bluefin tuna. Now, under strict regulation by the Japanese government, using wild juveniles for aquaculture production is prohibited and hatchery-reared juveniles are required. The company believes that, in the near future, the supply of hatcheryreared seed will become more stable and, to that end, they are working on reducing costs and increasing production by concentrating on the following: • Seedling production. Good results have been achieved through collaboration on research among many specialists from various universities and institutions. • Development of artificial feed. Along with Hayashikane Sangyo Corporation, they have developed a patented ‘tunafood’ which is a blended sausage-type feed. The goal is to reduce the use of raw fish, transportation and feed costs (currently 53 percent of the cost of production) and to assist with the quality of fish. • Building offshore aquaculture infrastructure. This includes developing new areas, new equipment and workforce training. This was a great way to conclude the session that was particularly well-organized by Professor Hiroshi Fushimi from Fukuyama University. Day 4 The next morning conference participants visited the Tarumizu City Fishermen’s Cooperative. There were between 30 and 40 families involved and it was a hive of activity. After visiting the cages at sea, we were shown the processing facility and the final products. The feed used at this farm includes green tea produced in Kagoshima, apparently used to reduce any ‘fish smell.’ Fish utilizing this is branded Umi-No-Ohkan and the Kagoshima Prefecture certifies this as a brand. What’s next? Nicotine-flavored fish for those that cannot manage their smoking habit? One of the suggested outcomes of the meeting is the establishment of a Seriola Working Group through the World Aquaculture Society. I plan on taking this concept forward (if you are interested then let me know) for approval by the WAS Board of Directors. From the symposium there are at least 20 people interested in contributing and it could clearly lead to global collaboration in sharing information and ideas and potentially be the catalyst for more applied research. One of the suggested outcomes of the meeting is the establishment of a Seriola Working Group through the World Aquaculture Society. From the symposium there are at least 20 people interested in contributing and it could clearly lead to global collaboration in sharing information and ideas and potentially be the catalyst for more applied research.
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • DECEMBER 11
12 DECEMBER 2013 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Aquaculture CanadaOM 2014 June 1-‐4, 2014 St. Andrews, New Brunswick “AAC 30th Anniversary – Excellence in Research & Innova9on” This is an exciDng year for the Aquaculture AssociaDon of Canada as it marks our 30th Anniversary! There have been numerous innovaDons in the aquaculture industry over the past 30 years and we want to celebrate the contribuDons that the AssociaDon and its members have had on the successful development of the industry in Canada. “Excellence in Research & InnovaDon” is the theme of our annual Aquaculture Canada OM conference to be held in June 2014 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick. The annual conference serves as the main event for the AssociaDon and is Canada’s naDonal forum to bring together the business, science and technology of aquaculture. Conference coordinator: Joanne Burry -‐ Tel : 709-‐437-‐7203 | Email : jmburry@nl.rogers.com www.aquacultureassociaDon.ca The Tenth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA10) was held in Jerusalem, Israel, October 6-10, 2013. The location was selected to recognize the many contributions of Israeli scientists and farmers to the global tilapia industry and to commemorate the 30-year anniversary of the first ISTA held in Nazareth. The rapid expansion of tilapia farming and consumption had much of its genesis with the domestication of tilapias in Israel and with the publicity generated with biblical references and the large number of tourists visiting the country and trying tilapia, or St. Peter’s fish, for the first time. The meeting was chaired by Prof. Gideon Hulata and co-hosted by several Israeli aquaculture groups. The major co-sponsors included AquaMaof and MoafMadan, Raanan Fish Feeds, Zemach Feed Mill, DSM, TransAlgae, and the AquaFish Innovation Lab. Mr. Yair Shamir, Israeli Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr. Nayon Bilijo, Ghana’s Minister of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development opened the symposium and ISTA 10: Tenth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture Kevin Fitzsimmons participated in the events of the first day with participants from more than 40 countries. Three days of presentations followed, with a final day of field trips to tilapia farms in the Bet She’an Valley, the Zemach Feed Mill, and a tilapia luncheon with pilgrims at a Jordan River baptism site. Recent Advances The US-Israel Binational Agriculture Research and Development Fund (BARD) provided funds for a pre-conference workshop on tilapia endocrinology. Michal Shpilman and Berta Levavi-Sivan gave a presentation on tilapia leptin and leptin receptor. This was the first detailed description of leptin, which plays a critical in reproduction and regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Two leptins and one leptin receptor were described along with details on the base-pair lengths of the cDNA. Information was provided on the three-dimensional structures and details on the proteins and where leptin receptors are expressed
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjExNDY=