VOLUME 46, NUMBER 3 THE MAGAZINE OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY SEPTEMBER 2015 W RLD AQUACULTURE Organic Mussels in Denmark
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2015 1 WORLD AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE WORLD AQUACULTURE magazine is published by the World Aquaculture Society. The home office address is: World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA. Tel: +1-225-578-3137; Fax: +1-225-578-3493; e-mail: carolm@was.org. World Aquaculture Society Home Page: www.was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY OFFICERS, 2015-2016 Rebecca Lochmann, President Graham Mair, Past-President Juan Pablo Lazo, Pesident-Elect Wendy Sealey, Treasurer Patricia Abelin, Secretary DIRECTORS Francisco S. Gomes Roy Palmer Zuridah O. Merican Carole R. Engle Kathleen Hartman Patricia Moraes Valenti CHAPTER REPRESENTATIVES Farshad Shishehchian, Asian Pacific Michael Denson, USAS Antonio Garza de Yta, Latin America and Caribbean Kwang Sik-Choi, Korea HOME OFFICE STAFF Carol Mendoza, Director, carolm@was.org Judy E. Andrasko, Assistant Director, JudyA@was.org WORLD AQUACULTURE EDITORIAL STAFF John Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief Mary Nickum, Editor Linda Noble, Layout Editor WAS CONFERENCES AND SALES John Cooksey, Director of Conferences and Sales World Aquaculture Conference Management P.O. Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 Tel: +1-760-751-5005; Fax: +1-760-751-5003 e-mail: worldaqua@aol.com MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE: Submit manuscripts as Microsoft Word files to Mary Nickum, Editor, World Aquaculture magazine. E-mail: mjnickum@gmail.com. Letters to the Editor or other comments should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, John Hargreaves at jhargreaves@was.org. WORLD AQUACULTURE (ISSN Number 1041-5602) is published quarterly by the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. Library subscriptions are $50 annually for United States addresses, and $65 annually for addresses outside the United States. Individual subscriptions are a benefit of membership in the World Aquaculture Society. Annual membership dues: Students, $45; Individuals, $65; Corporations (for-profit), $255; Sustaining, $105 (individuals or non-profits); Lifetime (individuals), $1,100; E-Membership, $10 (no publications, meeting discounts and not an active member in last five years). Periodicals Postage paid at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and additional mailing offices. Twenty-five percent of dues is designated for a subscription to World Aquaculture magazine. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the World Aquaculture Society, 143 J.M. Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA. ©2014, The World Aquaculture Society. ■ W RLD AQUACULTURE VOL. 46 NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 2015 Cover: Organic line mussels in Denmark. See story on page 63. 11 Aquaculture Education, Training and Aquaculture Expansion Michael H. Schwarz 12 National Assessment of Aquaculture Education at Postsecondary Institutions in the United States Gary Jensen, Michael Schwarz, Sandra Shumway, Jesse Trushenski, L. Curry Woods III, Thomas Broyles and Maxwell Mayeaux 18 Intensive Nursery Production of Litopenaeus vannamei Postlarvae in a Clearwater Recirculating System Héctor M. Esparza-Leal, Alessandro Pereira Cardozo and Wilson Wasielesky, Jr. 20 Aquaponics: a Nutrient Dynamic Process and the Relationship to Fish Feeds Wilson A. Lennard 25 Advantages of LED Lighting Systems in Larval Fish Culture Juliette Delabbio 31 Four Ways Phytogenics Can Address Aquaculture Challenges Rui Gonçalves and Gonçalo Santos 34 A Vulnerability Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on Aquaculture in Nghe An Province, Vietnam Nguyen Huu Nghia and Do Minh Phuong 40 Substitutes for Fishmeal and Fish Oil in Aquaculture Feeds Sergio F. Nates 43 Stimulating Protein Sparing in Tilapia Through Digestive/Metabolic Enhancement Yu-Hung Lin and Allen Ming-Hsiun Wu 46 Potential Species for Cage Aquaculture in Indian Reservoirs Vikash Kumar, Gunjan Karnatak, Mishal P., A.K. Das, M.A. Hassan, A.P. Sharma 50 The Sturgeon Aquaculture Industry in China: Difficulties and a Way Out Qiwei Wei and Ping Li 54 The Biological Basis of Rearing Eurasian River Perch Larvae and Fry Yu.V. Fedorovykh, S.V. Ponomarev and Yu.M. Bakaneva 58 Mud Crab Aquaculture: Present Status, Prospect and Sustainability in Bangladesh Md. Sahidul Islam, Naseem Ahmed Aleem, Muhammad Meezanur Rahman 60 Bacterial Safety Screening of Cultured Macroalgae Raised in an Intensive Land-based System Vanessa Carrasco, John Colt and Linda D. Rhodes 63 Boom in Production of Organic Line Mussels in Denmark Alfred Jokumsen 64 Creative Financing Programs to Support Development of Shellfish Aquaculture in Maryland Matthew D. Parker 67 Irrigating Late Summer Corn with Channel Catfish Pond Water in Western Kentucky: A Demonstration Project Forrest Wynne, John Murdock and Rick Murdock (CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)
2 SEPTEMBER 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG President’s Column As I take on the first “trimester” of my ninemonth presidential term, I feel very optimistic about the future of our Society. For the first time, I joined all WAS Chapters, not only so that I would not miss anything interesting, but also to gain some perspective on the priorities of members in different parts of the world. The successful implementation of Chapter Secretariats for the Asian-Pacific and Latin American and Caribbean Chapters has greatly improved the flow of information among our members and also infused new ideas and energy into the Society. The use of multiple languages among members is an obvious challenge in making WAS truly international. Yet, this obstacle seems less daunting now that both technological and human resources are being engaged to make WAS information more accessible in different languages at our conferences, on our websites and in our publications. This initiative is a critical part of effective communication and broad participation among current and potential members of WAS, as well as with the public. Much of the work of our Society is accomplished through committees and I feel fortunate to have very capable and enthusiastic members chairing and staffing all of our committees this year. The committees and their respective members are featured on our web page. We are making an effort to include seasoned WAS members with a long institutional memory, along with newer members who can bring novel ideas and enthusiasm to the committees. With this approach, newer members make valuable new contacts and gain a track record of WAS service, which will enhance their future chances of being elected to the Board. I encourage all WAS members to become actively engaged in the Society by participating in committee activities. You gain a much deeper insight into WAS through committee service than you can by simply attending conferences (and committee membership is free!). As many members know, the Publications Committee has tackled some very difficult issues over the past few years, with recent efforts focused primarily on the journal. There was a critical need to identify a new Executive Editor for the Journal and to bring JWAS in line with evolving expectations of our members. In Jeju, a major component of the JWAS re-invigoration plan was put into place with identification of Carole Engle as the new Executive Editor. Carole brings an extensive background and expertise in publishing and editing to the position, and has proposed several new ideas to help poise JWAS for renewed success. For instance, she will pursue revenue streams to help make the journal more profitable. In addition, she is developing JWAS Best Article awards, similar to that for World Aquaculture magazine. The awards will encourage and recognize the submission of high-quality journal articles. Finally the process of identifying experienced and motivated Associate Editors is underway. This network of support will be critical for JWAS to increase its impact factor, partly by soliciting review articles on timely topics from highly respected authorities in our field. In making this transition, it is important to recognize the tremendous dedication of Carl Webster, who has stayed on in the role of Executive Editor long after he expressed a desire to step down from the position. His insight and experience were invaluable in reshaping our vision for JWAS and we owe him a great deal of thanks for his tenacity during this arduous process. Another major initiative that will fall to the current Board is the update of our Strategic Plan. This document embodies our goals and strategies and outlines actions needed to achieve them. It is a critical part of identifying and addressing WAS priorities over time. Although we make minor revisions to the plan as tasks are completed each year, a major re-examination of our priorities and activities is undertaken every five years. An ad hoc committee was formed to focus on this plan update, with Graham Mair (our Immediate Past President) chairing the committee. The punishment fits the crime, as Graham was the major author of the first “living” strategic plan designed to map specific committee activities to overall WAS goals and objectives. The relatively new ad hoc Communications Committee is a very ambitious group charged with identifying means of improving information flow within our Society, to other professional and industry groups and also to the general public. Given the mind-boggling array of available communication methods and the types of information that may interest different target audiences, this will be a major Contents (continued) Society 2 President’s Column 3 Editor’s Note 4 USAS Report 4 Korean Chapter Report 5 Asian Pacific Chapter Report 5 Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Report 6 Letter to the Editor 7 World Aquaculture Society Executive Editor Named 8 Life Members, Fellow 9 Student Awards World Aquaculture 2015 70 Conference Calendar 71 Future Conferences and Expositions 72 Advertiser’s Index 72 Membership Application (CONTINUED ON PAGE 3)
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2015 3 Editor’s Note Publishing in peer-reviewed journals is the cornerstone of communication in science. Prior to publication, a manuscript goes through a lengthy and deliberate process of preparation, peer review and editing. Trust is placed in the integrity and reputation of the authors, reviewers, editors and the journal to produce the current version of scientific truth. With the development of the internet, and particularly the establishment of PubMed in 1996, traditional publishers established an online presence and new journals emerged that were online only. Many of these journals were open access (OA), meaning that no subscription fees were charged and access to articles was free. Open access publishing has been successful and many publishers and journals are credible and trustworthy (e.g. PLoS ONE). Open access journals may not meet the highest professional standards for quality but may serve specific niche needs with respect to subject area or geographic focus. Furthermore, there is a large and expanding market for publication from scientists in China, India and many developing countries and open access journals can meet this need. Over the last couple of decades, there has been an enormous proliferation of OA scientific journals, creating a situation where detecting fraud is increasingly a challenge. In 2013, the biologist John Bohannon prepared a fictitious manuscript describing an error-filled and deeply flawed study on a new cancer drug and managed to get it accepted for publication by 157 of 304 OA journals, pointing out the serious deficiencies in the peer-review system for those journals. Rather than the traditional model of readers or subscribers paying for access to scientific information, the OA model shifted to an author-pays model. Inevitably the author-pays model incentivized unscrupulous publishers who recognized a moneymaking opportunity and didn’t care about the quality control enabled by the peer-review process, thereby corrupting the integrity and quality of scientific communication. These are the predatory OA publishers, for which the main motivation is profit, not the dissemination of scholarly information. Predatory publishers intentionally deceive research scientists into submitting their work and then charge them for it. Predatory publishing has predated open access and predatory Beware Predatory Publishing in Aquaculture undertaking. However, providing consistent, accurate and current information on aquaculture to these different groups is one of our primary missions. The Promotion and Membership Committee is large and diverse, with membership reflecting all geographical regions where WAS has current and potential new members. This committee will continue to build on earlier successful initiatives to increase membership in areas such as India, China and Africa, and to propose ways to enhance the value of WAS membership. Complementary activities are being pursued by the Affiliations Committee, which is retooling agreements with other professional organizations that seek mutually beneficial relationships with WAS. Although affiliates are not necessarily WAS members, a positive association with WAS and increased awareness of our merits could attract new members. The Industry Relations committee is working to increase industry participation in key Society events such as conferences, workshops and many other WAS committee activities. The very successful Aquaforum held in conjunction with WA 2015 in Jeju is an example of how workshops focused on industry can add value to WAS events and membership. It was rather telling that we had record low attendance at the WAS Business meeting, which happened to overlap the Aquaforum! The Student Activities Committee is a dynamic group that blends the talents of current and future aquaculture professionals President, continued from page 2 to address Society needs. They are systematically assessing and refining the application and judging procedures for student awards. These awards are an excellent way for students to gain early career recognition and mentoring opportunities. Working closely with that group, the Awards Committee is developing a new award in honor of Mudnakudu C. Nandeesha, and is actively soliciting nominations for the existing Honorary Life, Exemplary Service and Fellows awards. Likewise, the Election committee is seeking nominations for dedicated individuals who are willing and able to make a substantial commitment to WAS through Board service. We are seeking candidates for President-Elect, Secretary and two Directors. Committees focused on Finance and Long-range Planning, as well as Policies, Rules and Regulations are developing a policy to enable WAS to make robust, well-informed financial decisions under different economic scenarios. The Policies Committee is also in the initial stages of developing a distinctive brand for WAS, which will be essential for marketing the many attributes of our Society to different user groups. As always, Carol and Judy (Home Office), Mario Stael, and the Cooksey clan play vital roles in planning, facilitating and coordinating our numerous and varied WAS activities. I will continue to rely on their guidance and that of fellow Board members, Past Presidents and Fellows to help lead WAS. However, broad engagement of the full membership is the real key to ensuring the growth, health and future of our Society. — Rebecca Lochmann, President (CONTINUED ON PAGE 6)
4 SEPTEMBER 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG CHAPTER REPORTS U.S. Aquaculture Society Over the last few months your Board of Directors has been busily moving forward on a number of new initiatives. Recently you should have received an email with a link (www.surveymonkey. com/r/BDMZV82) that takes you to our member satisfaction survey. Currently more than 10 percent of USAS members have already responded. We need to hear from as many members as possible. This is the only way we have to gauge your satisfaction and set direction for member needs that will help guide our agenda for the coming years. We will also be launching a new website in the coming weeks that will better represent aquaculture in the United States. Aquaculture in the United States involves numerous species and our new site will change to reflect all aspects of US aquaculture including our suppliers and industry support. The screenshots you see here are just a sample of what is to come. The site was designed to be modern, clean and efficient and convey basic information about US aquaculture and our society. The site will also link to social media, provide information about our annual meeting and have new features that highlight Society members, student achievements, and upcoming US aquaculture related events and opportunities. It is constructed in a format for quick addition of features and we hope you will provide constructive feedback that allows us to optimize it for your needs. There are a number of other initiatives underway to broaden USAS support of regional aquaculture meetings in the United States. Our Promotions and Membership Committee is working closely with the organizing committee of the 35th Fish Feed and Nutrition Workshop in Bozeman, MT, the 2016 North Central Regional Aquaculture Conference to provide financial support of these conferences as well as several other aquaculture and aquaculture-related organizations throughout the country. You will see e-blasts and web page notices for these meetings and, if you intend to be at the meeting, there will be opportunities for you to help promote our society by both distributing literature and answering questions. The main focus of our mission is education, culminating in our annual meeting, which this year is the combined triennial meeting in Las Vegas with our great partners the National Aquaculture Association, the National Shellfisheries Association and the American Fisheries Society’s Fish Culture Section. There are a number of special sessions this year including Salmonids, Sea Ranching, Stock Enhancement, Conservation and Restoration Aquaculture, Climate Change and Aquaculture, and Food Additives for Health, just to name a few. Perhaps of particular interest to our student members is a session on “Career Development and Job Placement in Aquaculture.” The lineup of presenters represents producers, aquaculture suppliers, and state and federal government representatives involved in research and management. This will be a great opportunity for students to get pointers on how to get a job in US aquaculture once they graduate. Over the last two years, student travel scholarships are at an Abstracts, presentations, sessions, exhibitions, forums…farewell to World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju! The Korean Chapter co-hosted World Aquaculture 2015 with WAS at the International Convention Center on the beautiful island of Jeju, Korea from 26 to 31 May. After the WAS annual conference held in Busan in 2008, this was the second time the meeting was held in Korea. More than 2,500 participants from 66 countries attended World Aquaculture 2015, where 449 oral and 414 poster presentations were made in 57 sessions. Along with the presentations, we also hosted an aquaculture industry exhibition of 94 companies and approximately 2,900 visitors toured the exhibition area. During World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju, an Aquaforum was also held for the first time, where seven outstanding lectures were given to participants involved in the aquaculture industry. The Aquaforum ran for three days and about 300 audience members enjoyed the talks and discussions. During the opening ceremony, WAS also honored Yoram Avnimelech, Professor Emeritus of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and Abdel-Fattah M. ElSayed, professor of Alexandria University Egypt by awarding the Honorary Life Award and Jeong-Yeol Lee, professor of Kun Kunsan National University, Korea was also honored by receiving the Fellow of WAS Award. Participants of World Aquaculture 2015 also enjoyed the farm tour at the end of the symposium, visiting flounder and abalone farms and a fish feed mill. On behalf of the Korean Chapter, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the WAS members who attended the meeting and I also would like to extend my sincere thanks to members of the Steering, Industry and Program committees: Jay Parsons, Bill Danials, Ik-Kyo Chung, Roy Palmer, Sungchul Charles Bai, Jeong-Yeol Lee, You-Jin Jeon, Sukgeun Jung, Michael Schwarz and Craig Browdy, for their time and effort to organize the sessions and exhibition. I also would like acknowledge the ex officio members, John Cooksey and Mario Stael for promotion, registration and exhibition. This is my last report for the Korean chapter; Ik-Kyo Chung has been elected as the new Chapter President. — Albert Kwang-Sik Choi, President Korean Chapter (CONTINUED ON PAGE 7)
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2015 5 The outlook for the Asian Pacific Chapter for the second half of 2015 is good but not without challenges. Upcoming events for the chapter have a lot to offer, including ICFA 2015 in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 25-27 August, the Middle East and Central Asia AquaForum 2015 in Tehran, Iran, and Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016 in Surabaya, Indonesia. Everything is well prepared according to the determined schedule. The joint APC and AIT workshop on shrimp farming in Bangkok has been postponed to January 2016. We have new board members joining as follows: Mr. Roy Palmer (Immediate Past President), Mr. Allen Wu (Director), Dr. Felix Suga (Director) and Ms. Katherine Hawes, who started June 1, 2015 as Secretary-Treasurer. Global shrimp production is improving as countries hard-hit by early mortality syndrome (EMS) recover and as Ecuador, Vietnam and Indonesia boost output. There has been moderate recovery in farmed shrimp production in Thailand and also in Mexico, while India, Vietnam and Indonesia continue to focus more on Pacific white shrimp aquaculture. In the past seven months, the production of P. monodon in Vietnam has increased about 4.5 percent, but production of L. vannamei has dropped about 23 percent compared with the same period last year. However, overall production is expected to be better in 2015 compared with 2014. Harvests in India could be lower than projected due to disease incidence. Market demand for shrimp in the U.S. remains sluggish. I anticipate flat to softening prices in the U.S. towards the end of the year as restaurants return shrimp to their menus. Meanwhile, the weakening of the euro is likely to reduce imports to the EU in the coming months. Japanese importers are also likely to be selective due to the weak yen. While prices for small shrimp may drop, the prices for larger sizes will remain more stable as harvests of small shrimp in Mexico, India, Indonesia and Thailand keeps the market tighter for larger sizes. While the way to combat EMS is still in doubt, farmers are facing other diseases such as running mortality syndrome (RMS) in India and white spot disease and white feces. Last, fish production is promising as a global sustainable food source, but recent climate change has adversely affected production, especially from mariculture. — Farshad Shishehchian, President Asian Pacific Chapter CHAPTER REPORTS After Writing this report gives me great pleasure, as usual, but also causes a little melancholy because it is the last one I write as President of the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society (LACC-WAS). During my nearly 20-year career (and many more years to come, hopefully), I have performed different jobs in aquaculture: extension agent, professor, consultant, farmer and recently public servant. All these years have had only one constant: I have been an active member of WAS. The Society has given me the opportunity to interact with many specialists, but more than anything, to make good friends that share the love of aquaculture. Aquaculturists in general have the trademark of being very passionate and maybe a little bit crazy. However, regardless of nationality or language we can easily communicate with each other. WAS has been a place where I have always felt home and where people that have very similar dreams to my own gather in extremely beautiful places all over the world. When I was candidate for the LACC presidency, I ran against one of my best friends and a renowned professional. I did not have much hope, but the membership supported me with their vote and gave me the responsibility to lead and put my personal touch on the chapter from what is going to become the most important aquaculture area in the world, at least as I envision the future. The first objective was to create a trademark congress that could integrate the region and all its participants. We had to differentiate ourselves from other regions and integrate academia, producers and government agencies. LACQUA was conceptualized with the support of John Cooksey, Mario Stael and the LACC Board of Directors. Our own conference in our own language (Spanish or Portuguese and a special room in English) so the producers could make the most of it and attend the meeting that previously was of no interest to them. LACQUA 13 took place in Villavicencio, Colombia and it was a big success. In Villavicencio, we tried to integrate Colombian producers by giving e-memberships to all participants. The number of members increased significantly, although the renewal rate has been quite low. Nonetheless, I think it was a good try. During 2013, LACC was considered as a permanent advisor for the Aquaculture Network of the Americas (Red de Acuicultura de las Americas, RAA) where it has a voice in meetings, a major step to connect the dots between all members of regional aquaculture. In 2014, LACQUA took place in Guadalajara, México, and again participants were very pleased with the quality of the talks and the event in general. Two major milestones were achieved in the land of mariachi and tequila. The first was that the LACCWAS office was for the first time operated with an Executive Officer located in the region (Nash Rodriguez). The second was that a rotation system was established for LACQUA where every three years the event would take place in Mexico and every three years in Brazil, leaving a third spot every three years for different Latin American and Caribbean Chapter (CONTINUED ON PAGE 8)
6 SEPTEMBER 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG Editor, continued from page 3 publishing is not exclusive to OA journals. Open access journals do not necessarily charge fees and charging fees is not necessarily a sign that a journal is predatory. The legitimacy and quality of journals lies on a spectrum and these may be judged differently by different scientists. Jeffrey Beall, a librarian at the University of Colorado at Denver, is a watchdog of predatory publishers. Since 2010, he has produced Beall’s List of predatory OA publishers (now numbering almost 700) and standalone journals. There are a number of aquaculture journals from publishers on Beall’s List. Beall estimates that 5-10 percent of all OA articles are published in predatory journals. Beall has come under criticism for bias, including an emphasis on listing publishers in developing countries, and for overstating the seriousness of the problem. However, he has developed criteria for evaluating predatory publishers and journals based on honesty, transparency and business practices. Examples of these include unsolicited invitations to submit articles for publication, minimal or no peer review and high manuscript acceptance rates, among others. Beall’s List is effectively a blacklist, but there are alternative approaches. A whitelist called the Directory of Open Access Journals includes quality standards and a vetting process for inclusion of open access publishers and journals in the directory. Members of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association must adhere to a code of conduct that prohibits predatory practices. What can be done? Perhaps most importantly, evaluate the peer-review and quality control procedures of a journal. Promises of rapid publication should be considered a red flag for low-quality and potentially predatory journals. Be wary of spam solicitations to submit articles for publication or to join the editorial boards of OA journals. Inquire about author fees if no clear policy is posted on the journal website or in an email manuscript solicitation. Evaluate the expertise and qualifications of the editorial board of open access journals. Read some articles published by the journal before submitting a manuscript. Reputable journals can be identified from lists maintained by the Thomson Reuters Web of Science – Journal Citation Reports or Scopus, as well as whitelists of OA journals maintained by the Directory of Open Access Journals and the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association. Aquaculture scientists need to remain vigilant on this issue and to guard against supporting unethical and unscrupulous publishers of OA journals lacking effective quality control mechanisms. Learning and thinking critically about this issue is part of scientific literacy and professionalism. — John A. Hargreaves, Editor-in-Chief dropped. Recently the advance of WSV to the north caused the emergency harvest of thousands of hectares simultaneously and the price dropped as much as 40 percent. Indeed, it is difficult to sell shrimp even at the lowest price. In an interview with Dr. Itamar Rocha, one of the authors of the World Aquaculture article, published in the Tribuna do Norte newspaper in July, he corroborated a lot of this information. In the interview, Dr. Rocha said that the “crisis in the international market, viral diseases, natural disasters and bureaucracy considered excessive for issuing environmental licenses caused, in a decade, a 54.7 percent reduction in shrimp production in Rio Grande do Norte (RN).” In the World Aquaculture article, the authors also “forgot” to say that most shrimp farms in Brazil remain illegal, without proper environmental license. This is not an opinion. Facts are indisputable. It is important to read the message on the “Shrimp List” by Mr. Werner Jost, a pioneer in biofloc shrimp production in Brazil (www.shrimpnews.com/FreeReportsFolder/NewsReportsFolder/ BrazilWernerJostsCommentsOnBrazilArticle.html). I know it must be hard for World Aquaculture magazine to evaluate the truth of information provided because it came from, after all, the president of the Brazilian Shrimp Growers Association. Unfortunately however, this time the article you published is completely out of tune. Alexandre Alter Wainberg PRIMAR, Rio Grande de Norte, Brazil I have been a WAS member since 1984 and helped organize the WAS meeting in Natal in 2011. I’ve had the honor of publishing two articles in World Aquaculture magazine. My company, PRIMAR, located in northeastern Brazil, has been in business for 23 years producing organic oysters and shrimp. The reason that generated this message is a little bit delicate. Reading the article authored by Rocha and Nunes about shrimp farming in Brazil in the June issue, it seemed as if they were talking about another country. The reality is that shrimp production is falling due to white-spot virus (WSV) that is spreading from the south to the north. Three years ago, WSV reached much of the production zone between Bahia and southern Rio Grande do Norte. This year WSV reached northern Rio Grande do Norte and part of Ceará. Currently, more than 3/4 of the productive area is suffering and larger companies with high fixed costs have been decimated. The leadership of Ceará was obtained because WSV hit much of the Rio Grande do Norte production first. Brazilian shrimp production will continue to fall as WSV spreads to production areas in Ceará. Brazilian shrimp exports have fallen fell mainly due to antidumping action by the USA, an adverse exchange rate and low economic efficiency of farms compared to Ecuador, for example. Since the anti-dumping action in 2005, almost all production has been sold on the domestic market, which grew by many years as the country’s economy kept growing. Brazil currently faces a strong economic crisis and prices in the domestic market have Letter to the Editor
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2015 7 TWO EXCELLENT ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ARE NOW AVAILABLE AT AQUAHANA.COM: • Cobia (Rachycentron canadum): A Selected Annotated Bibliography on Aquaculture, General Biology & Fisheries 1967–2015 www.aquahana.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/COBIA-Annotated-Bibliography-AquaMar-2015.pdf • Shrimp Nutrition & Feeding: A Selected Annotated Bibliography (1971–2014) www.aquahana.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/AQUAMAR-SHRIMP-FINAL.pdf USAS, continued from page 4 all-time high thanks to our many industry sponsors: Tyson Foods, Merck Animal Health, Aqualogic, Pentair Aquatic Eco-systems, Soy Aquaculture Alliance, Drs. Ebeling and Timmons, the National Sea Grant College Program and Alltech. This year there will be almost $17,000 available for students to attend this meeting. For the Best Abstract Award, Best Oral presentation, Poster presentation, USASAFS-FCS joint award and USAS-Sea Grant award, students must be members of USAS by the 31 August Abstract submittal deadline. In addition to these travel awards, there are several travel scholarships that can be applied for after the August 31 deadline, including the Pentair Aquatic Ecosytems Award, the Soy Aquaculture Alliance Award, and the RAS Yellowbook Award for undergraduates. If you are interested please contact David Cline at clinedj@auburn.edu for the application package. Finally this fall we will be electing a new Vice-President and President-Elect and two new Member-at-Large positions. If you are interested or wish to nominate someone, please contact Kathleen Hartman (Kathleen.H.Hartman@aphis.usda.gov) who, as Past-President, chairs our elections committee. It’s a lot of fun and extremely rewarding taking a turn giving back to the Society. — Michael Denson, President Carole Engle Named Executive Editor of the Journal of the World Aquaculture Society Following an extensive search, the Board of Directors of the World Aquaculture Society has selected Dr. Carole Engle to serve as Executive Editor for the journal. The search followed surveys of the membership and Past-Presidents of the Society to identify a future direction for the journal. The PastPresidents viewed the Journal as a fundamental benefit of membership to the Society and as foundational to the WAS mission. The Journal was viewed as an indispensable means to disseminate science and to make it available to potential users. The membership survey showed that two-thirds of responding members also considered the Journal an important benefit of membership and that it played an important role as an outlet for findings of significance to aquaculture. However, the membership survey also clearly showed the importance of increasing the impact factor of the journal in the coming years. As a result, the Board has tasked the new Executive Editor with preparing and implementing a detailed re-invigoration plan to sustain and strengthen the journal. Carole Engle has devoted more than 35 years to aquaculture research, extension, and teaching. In addition to publishing more than 110 scientific articles, four books, and more than 80 extension publications, she has a combined 49 years of editorial experience, including serving as Editor-in-Chief of Aquaculture Economics and Management. She has been honored with numerous awards from the U.S. Aquaculture Society, the National Aquaculture Association, the Catfish Farmers of America and the Catfish Farmers of Arkansas. Engle was on the faculty of the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB) for more than 27 years and, as Director of the Aquaculture/ Fisheries Center and Chairperson of the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, led it through a period of rapid growth, development, and expansion. She has worked closely with aquaculture businesses around the world and values the contributions that science has made to the growth and development of successful aquaculture businesses at many scales of production. Recently retired from UAPB, Engle plans to continue her involvement with aquaculture science and industry through her involvement with the journal. “It is an honor to have been selected to serve the Society as editor of the Society’s journal,” said Engle. “I feel strongly that JWAS provides an important benefit to members and that the journal continues to play an important role in the overall global aquaculture community. I am willing to work diligently to seek out similarly committed scientists from a broad and diverse set of disciplines, perspectives, and geographic regions to effect the improvements desired by the Board and membership of WAS.” A re-launch of the journal is being planned for the triennial meeting in February, 2016, in Las Vegas, USA. The re-launch of the journal will include hiring three section editors, a new cover design and creation of three sections: 1) new science with potential to lead to either new aquaculture businesses or improved efficiency of existing aquaculture businesses, 2) technological advances ready for adoption by aquaculture businesses and 3) review papers. Additional updates on the re-launch of the journal will be published in World Aquaculture and on the WAS web site. Society members can assist with the growth and development of the journal by: 1) volunteering to provide critical and timely reviews of manuscripts submitted, 2) submission of their most important papers to the Journal, 3) development and submission of thorough review papers of important and emerging topics in aquaculture, and 4) organizing special issues on timely topics of importance to aquaculture. To offer assistance, Dr. Engle can be contacted at cengle8523@gmail.com.
8 SEPTEMBER 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG In Jeju Island, three outstanding WAS members were recognized for their significant contributions to aquaculture. Yoram Avnimelech and Abdel-Fattah El-Sayed received Honorary Life Memberships. This award honors significant career-long services to aquaculture. JeongYeol Lee was recognized as a WAS Fellow. This award recognizes career achievements in aquaculture, as well as extensive service to WAS. Yoram Avnimelech is a Professor Emeritus at Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. He was a chief scientist of the Israeli Ministry of the Environment. His work has focused on soil science, physical chemistry, and watershed management. Yoram is probably known best for his pioneering work in biofloc technologies for intensive aquaculture systems. This technology was widely adopted by industry, leading to improved environmental sustainability of intensive systems. He has published several versions of his book “Biotech Technology: a Practical Handbook.” They have all sold out. He is a long-term WAS member and former WAS Director on the Board, where he was a very active Chair of the Promotion and Membership Committee. His work initiated a sustained effort to engage new WAS members from under-represented countries such as India and China. Abdel-Fattah El-Sayed is a Professor at Alexandria University in Egypt. He has specialized in fish nutrition research and development for 35 years. He has done extensive work with tilapias, one of the most important groups of foodfish worldwide, and produced a book titled “Tilapia Culture.” His academic work has led to widespread practical and commercial impacts, and he is considered one of the top ten scientists in his field. El-Sayed has also made significant contributions to the development of aquaculture in Egypt, in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East through feed development and production systems for use in arid regions. His ultimate goal is to help aquaculture students, researchers, and producers, particularly in developing countries. El-Sayed has been a frequent consultant for FAO and is also a long-term WAS member. Jeong-Yeol Lee is a Professor at Kunsan National University in Korea, and the current Director of the Fish and Fish Culture Research Station. He is also the former Dean of the College of Marine Industrial Technology. His work on the development and implementation of marine aquaculture technologies is considered a high-impact model of research-based Extension in Korea. Lee has mentored more than 20 M.Sc. and Ph.D. students who have assumed important roles in the public and private sectors. He has been very active in professional associations, serving as the President of the Korean Aquaculture Society and the Korean Chapter of WAS. Lee has been a WAS member for 25 years, and had major organizational roles in WAS 2008 in Busan and WAS 2015 in Jeju. Two Honorary Life Members and One Fellow Recognized in Jeju TOP. Yoram Avnimelech BOTTOM. Abdel-Fattah ElSayed NOT PICTURED. Jeong-Yeol Lee countries in the region. This would assure that LACQUA could become economically feasible and still operate in alternative venues periodically. Following this arrangement, LACQUA will take place in the Convention Center of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, during November 16-19, in coordination with FENACAM 2015. Fortaleza is a place in a country of unmatchable beauty and potential. I know we are all conscious that Brazil is destined to greatness and that it is just a matter of time before it becomes a top-tier economy. I am sure that aquaculture will develop widely because water, land, weather, infrastructure and resources are all available in almost optimal quantities and/or quality. In this meeting we will all be able to see these foundations. I would like to say that we did not fail in anything, but we LACC, continued from page 5 continue to fall short in really attracting the membership we should. During this meeting the Board will change and Lorenzo Juarez, will become President of LACC for a two-year term. I will become the Immediate Past President and a new President-Elect, Treasurer and a Director will also join the Board. Do not hesitate to get to know them and enrich our project. I encourage all of you to think of how you can improve LACC and participate. Thank you all for this journey, thank you for giving me the opportunity to do what I love. I am not sure what will happen in the next couple of years but the only thing I can say is that I will keep following my heart and still be involved in aquaculture. I hope I can contribute a little bit to make this a better world but whatever happens, I will be around. See you in WAS. — Antonio Garza de Yta, President
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2015 9 Student Spotlight Competition The plenary session of World Aquaculture 2015 in Jeju concluded by highlighting WAS student scholars and researchers via a spotlight competition. Ballots were distributed to the plenary session audience to determine the winner. Based on audience rankings, all three presenters were awarded cash prizes at the President’s Social. The winner of the Student Spotlight Competition was Lalinka Herath from the Department of Marine Biology and Medical Sciences at Jeju National University. Lalinka’s talk was titled “Identification and functional delineation of a first molluscan transderrin like counterpart from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus), evidence for its potent antimicrobial properties.” The other two presenters were Min-Gi Kim, also from Jeju National University, and Chao-Fen Lin, from Nation Cheng Kung University in Taiwan. Min-Gi’s presentation was titled “Effects of dietary supplementation of Aquaviance on growth performance, feed utilization, and innate immunity of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus.” Chao-Fen’s presentation was titled “Development of a novel subunit vaccine with linear array epitope against nervous necrosis virus infection in giant grouper.” Oral and Poster Awards Zuliyati Rohmah is working on a Ph.D. in the Department of Seafood Science and Technology at Gyeongsang National University in South Korea and received the first place oral presentation award for her talk titled “Enhancing growth and muscle coloration of sea-reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with ascidian tunic carotenoids.” Her advisor for this work is Byeong-Dae Choi and they are investigating how to increase carotenoid inclusion in rainbow trout without compromising growth performance. Prior to this Ph.D. work Zuliyati completed a M.S. degree at the Universitas Gadjah Mada in Indonesia on the structure and development of lens in chickens. Natthinee Munkongwongsiri is currently pursuing her Ph.D., investigating shrimp reproduction and health at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand under the tutelage of Dr. Niti Chuchird. Her presentation was titled “Effects of postlarval quality on the occurrence of early mortality syndrome in farmraised Pacific white shrimp.” Over the past three years Natthinee has co-authored papers appearing in the Global Aquaculture Advocate and several booklets, providing information on various aspects of shrimp culture to farmers in Thailand. After graduation Natthinee would like to pursue a career as a researcher within private industry or obtain a university lecturer position. Chao-Fen Lin’s poster titled “Development of a novel subunit vaccine with linear array eritope against nervous necrosis virus infection in giant grouper” received the first place award for poster presentations. Lin is a Ph.D. student within the institute of Biotechnology at the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan. She is investigating of molecular factors involved in immune responses against pathogens in farmed finfish. Her advisor for this work is Dr. Tzong-Yueh Chen. After graduation she hopes to work in feed formula development and design vaccines for commercial fish. Yi-Jhen Lee was awarded the second place award for her poster titled “Characterization of the envelope protein VP51B of shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV).” Lee is a M.S. student within The Institute of Marine Biology at the National Taiwan Ocean University. Her major work for this degree is on molecular work related to WSSV with the goal of discovering effective methods via molecular tools to protect shrimp from WSSV. She near completing this degree and looks forward to continuing this work in a Ph.D. program in the future. STUDENT AWARDS at World Aquaculture 2015 TOP LEFT. Spotlight moderator and APC Student Liaison Noe Noe (second from left) recognizing the student spotlight presenters (left to right) Chao-Fen Lin, Min-Gi Kim, and Lalinka Herath at the WA 2015 President’s Reception. TOP MIDDLE. Chao-Fen Lin (left) in the confocal microscope examining room with her advisor, Dr. Tzong-Yueh Chen. TOP RIGHT. Oral presentation award winner Zuliyati Rohmah (third from right) dissects rainbow trout for muscle color monitoring of rainbow trout at a nutrition chemistry lab. Advisor Prof. Byeong-Dae Choi looks over her shoulder. BOTTOM LEFT. Yi-Jhen Lee (left) in the lab with advisor Dr. Li-Li Chen. BOTTOM RIGHT. Natthinee (left) with advisor, Dr. Niti Chuchird preparing culture plates for her Ph.D. work on early mortality syndrome in Pacific white shrimp.
10 SEPTEMBER 2015 • WORLD AQUACULTURE • WWW.WAS.ORG HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH FENACAM 2015 For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org Lacqua15 WAS ad.indd 1 1/28/15 9:41 AM
WWW.WAS.ORG • WORLD AQUACULTURE • SEPTEMBER 2015 11 and available, to fill them. What caught me by surprise me was the general agreement and severity of this issue voiced by the USSEC regional panelists. About a month later, in May, the World Aquaculture Society held its first AquaForum in conjunction with the WAS annual meeting in Jeju, South Korea. The WA15 AquaForum was created to benefit industry professionals during the WA15 conference and exhibition, inviting Asian aquaculture producers, suppliers and other industry stakeholders. Activities included specific topical industry sessions, facilitated workshops, roundtable discussions, simultaneous translations, designated meeting spaces, farm tours, etc. Given the location of this venue, the focus of the WA15 AquaForum targeted the most important industry issues affecting key Asian Pacific aquaculture-producing countries. In similar fashion to the USSEC meeting, the Aquaforum program was comprised of topical experts providing targeted sector updates, followed by open panel discussions. Again, similar themes emerged as in the USSEC program affecting sector expansion, though this time representing Southeast Asia. However, I was again surprised by the clear and resounding message from the regional industry stakeholders, of the prioritized clear lack of skilled labor to keep up with the rate of aquaculture expansion in the region, with an emphasis on transitioning from traditional to emerging technologies. As an emerging agricultural sector, combined with rapidly emerging technologies, it should not be a surprise that there is a strong demand for skilled labor in aquaculture. What is indeed surprising is the degree to which this issue is being identified in some of the major regions of aquaculture expansion in the world. As an industry, we are most effective when we unite to address sector issues holistically, integrating governmental, industrial, and academic stakeholders. I believe the message is being sent by industry that we need to holistically enhance aquaculture education and training opportunities to meet current and future labor needs. Are we listening? EDITORS NOTE: Michael Schwarz is an Aquaculture Specialist at Virginia Tech and a Past-President of WAS. I’ve attended two conferences this year that make it clear that commercial aquaculture is finding it difficult to hire the skilled labor needed to support a growing global aquaculture sector. In April, at the U.S. Soybean Export Council’s (USSEC) Fourth Aquaculture Investment workshop in Miami, Florida and in May in Jeju, South Korea, at the AquaForum portion of the World Aquaculture Society annual meeting, this lack of skilled labor was highlighted often as a problem. It was a pleasure to be invited to USSEC’s Fourth Aquaculture Investment workshop, hosted by my friend Dr. Daniel Benetti at the University of Miami - RSMAS. This was a two-day workshop that effectively brought together some of the major stakeholders associated with commercial aquaculture development in the Americas. The program combined updates from various industry production and support sectors, along with several panel discussions, populated with major industry producers. These panel discussions provided unique and timely insight into issues identified by industry that currently impact the pace of aquaculture expansion in the region. Some of the major limitations identified by these commercial producers, in no particular order, can be grouped into disease, nutrition and FCR, hatchery technologies and capacity, market development, breeding and genetics, finance, and technological barriers impeding the transition from traditional aquaculture to “modern” production systems. What caught my particular attention, relevant to this article, was the most common issue identified by all industry panelists: the lack of an available and qualified skilled workforce. I took a lot of notes during the panel discussions, and this theme was by far the most pronounced. My notes include descriptors such as: insufficient human capital development, lack of industrially skilled workers, insufficient trained workforce pool, insufficient training programs incorporating emerging technologies, and so on. I was already well aware of this dramatic lack of skilled labor because one of my services to industry is helping identify qualified individuals to fill critical staffing positions at new and expanding aquaculture companies. Currently I have over a dozen positions that have been open for over a year, with yet a single individual, qualified Aquaculture Education, Training and Aquaculture Expansion Michael H. Schwarz
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